Biological Flora of the British Isles: Phragmites australis

• Published in: Journal of Ecology
• Main Authors: Packer, J. G., Meyerson, L. A., Skálová, H. (Hana), Pyšek, P. (Petr), Kueffer, C.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2017
• Subjects: common reed; genome size; plant invasion; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12797; http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0277843

Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan species native to the British flora and widespread in lowland habitats throughout, from the Shetland archipelago to southern England. It is widespread throughout Ireland and is native in the Channel Islands. Native populations occur naturally in temperate zones and on every continent except Antarctica. Some populations in Australia and North America have been introduced from elsewhere and have become naturalized, and in North America, some of these are known to be invasive where they compete with native local populations of P. australis. Typical habitats in Britain range from shallow still water along waterbody edges to marshlands, saltmarshes and drier habitat on slopes up to 470 m above sea level. Additional habitats outside Britain are springs inarid areas, riverine lowlands and groundwater seepage points up to 3600 m above sea level. The species plays a pivotal role in the successional transition from open water to woodland. Phragmites australis is a tall, helophytic, wind-pollinated grass with annual shoots up to 5 m above-ground level from an extensive system of rhizomes and stolons. A single silky inflorescence develops at the end of each fertile stem and produces 500–2000 seeds. The plant is highly variable genetically and morphologically. Expansion of established populations is mainly through clonal growth of the horizontal rhizome system and ground-surface stolons, while new populations can establish from rhizomes, stem fragments and seeds. Shoots generally emerge in spring, with timing determined primarily by physiology that is mediated by external conditions (e.g. local climate including frost).