Вклад ученых ТИНРО-центра в изучение донных и придонных рыб

• Main Authors: Снытко, В., Тупоногов, В., Колпаков, Н.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие «Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр» 2005
• Subjects: Arctic; Bering Sea; Chukchi Sea; Hake; Indian; New Zealand; Pacific; Chukchi; Alaska
• Online Access: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vklad-uchenyh-tinro-tsentra-v-izuchenie-donnyh-i-pridonnyh-ryb; http://cyberleninka.ru/article_covers/2643069.png

Рассматривается история промысловых рыбохозяйственных исследований донных и придонных рыб ТОНС-ТИРХ-ТИНРО-ТИНРО-центра в 1925-2005 гг. Излагаются их основные результаты и степень изученности этих экологических групп рыб, совершенствование подходов и методов их изучения, изменение представлений о рыбных ресурсах. Основное внимание уделено объектам, имеющим наибольшее промысловое значение (тресковым, камбаловым, окуневым и др.), и специалистам, внесшим значимый вклад в их изучение. The history of bottom and near-bottom fishes studies by TONS-TIRH-TINRO-TINRO-Center institutions in 1925-2005 is considered, including the main results and modern knowledge description, the methods critical analysis, the development of representations on these fishes resources. The basic attention is given to the most important objects of fishery (gadiforms, pleuronectiforms, perciforms etc.), and to the people who have brought the most contribution to their study. The scientific base for systematic fisheries investigations in the Far East seas appeared with the specialized scientific organization Pacific Scientific Station (TONS) foundation in Vladivostok in 1925. One of the basic tasks for the station (that was reorganized to TIRH-TINRO scientific institute later) was studying of fisheries objects and scientific substantiation of the Far-Eastern fishing industry development, in particular its transition from a coastal craft to actually sea fishery. Just the first steps of fisheries science on the way to organization of large-scale fishery made a prominent progress in the inventory of ichthyofauna and biogeography, that allowed to form an objective representation on biological resources of the North-West Pacific. The TINRO scientists showed an inconsistency of the mention on hopelessness of bottom fishes (as pacific cod) trawling in the Far-Eastern Seas. As a result of the researches conducted in 1930-1950s, large perspectives of domestic fishing industry development were concluded, in particularly trawling fishery. In 1940-1950s, the catch of domestic fleet grew because of new objects and new areas involving into the commercial fishery. It were the times of TINRO expansion, directed now on studying of fish resources both in the Far-Eastern Seas and out of their limits. From the late 1950s, the researches extended to the south Asia (Yellow, East China and South China Seas) and America (eastern Bering Sea, Alaska Gulf, and further to the south). Results of the Bering Sea complex scientific-fisheries expedition (1957-1965) started a large-scale trawling fishery in this area, including deep-water fishery of halibuts, sablefish, sea rockfishes, etc. To 1970s, the researches widened to the whole Pacific Ocean, including its tropical and southern parts, Australian and New Zealand waters, submarine ridges (Hawaiian, Imperial, etc.), and some fishing grounds at American coast, and besides to the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. There were conducted several joint expeditions with VNIRO, the USSR Academy of Science, and foreign research institutions from Vietnam, Japan, and USA. Rather complete representations about fisheries resources of these vast areas were obtained: the fisheries resources distribution and biology were investigated, the methods of fishery were proposed for new objects as boarfish, beryx, redbait, cardinal fish, New Zealand grenadier, blue whiting, hake, warehous etc. As a result, a number of scientific recommendations were elaborated to maintain the fishery of new objects, or in new areas, including an open ocean or coastal areas of foreign countries. However, the shift to active oceanic fishery resulted to weakening of a coastal infrastructure and degradation of coastal fishery, right up to coastal settlements disappearance. So, after the 200-mile economic zones establishing by many states in late 1970s, the fishing industry was forced to switch from extensive to intensive way of development; and the fisheries science had to concentrate efforts on searching the reserves of raw base in domestic economic zone. The situation was made worse by negative consequences of overfishing appeared for several important species in late 1960s early 1970s. That's why the main scientific problems became a discovering the regularities of fish populations dynamics and development of the recommendations on rational exploitation of marine biological resources in the forms of quotas and rules of fishery. To the late 1970s, the necessity of traditional biological studies improvement by ecosystem approach became clear. Within the framework of this new direction, a comprehensive valuation of biological resources of shelf and upper continental slope of the Far-Eastern Seas was carried out, and conclusion was made on higher, than it had been considered earlier, productivity of the Far East Seas. In the result, the Russian catch in the Far East had increased more than by one million tons, and had reached its historical maximum 5 million tons in 1988. However, a decrease of the Far East Seas productivity was predicted for the boundary of XX-XXI Centuries. Actually, the productivity reduction caused by climate-oceanographic factors began in late 1990s. Therefore, high catch volume could be kept now with the transition to multi-species fishery that promotes both wide assortment, stable yields, and fishery impact distribution over wide list of species. Among perspective directions of the fishery development, its expansion to coastal areas and to the large depths is underlined. Thus, for 80 years of TINRO history, the scientists of the institute investigated in detail the species composition and structure of bottom fish communities of the Far East Seas, and also of the many other areas of the Pacific Ocean, east Arctic (Chukchi Sea), and the east part of the Indian Ocean. They discovered the regularities of fish congestions formation, their horizontal and vertical distribution and migrations, their life and annual cycles, and dynamics of their number, determined stocks of the fish resources in the main fishing grounds and possible yields. Rather appreciable progress in the studies is achieved. At the same time, an idea of rational multi-species fishery is not realized yet, many problems are still waiting of their decision, and many efforts are still have to be applied.