РАЗВИТИЕ ПОДТОПЛЕНИЙ ВДОЛЬ НАСЫПНЫХ ДОРОГ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОТУНДРЫ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

• Main Authors: Миляева, Елена, Махатков, Игорь, Ермолов, Юрий, Кирпотин, Сергей
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет" 2012
• Subjects: ЛЕСОТУНДРА; ЛАНДШАФТЫ; ТЕХНОГЕННОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ; ПОДТОПЛЕНИЯ; palsas; Tundra; Siberia
• Online Access: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razvitie-podtopleniy-vdol-nasypnyh-dorog-v-usloviyah-lesotundry-zapadnoy-sibiri; http://cyberleninka.ru/article_covers/14000281.png

В условиях лесотундры Пур-Тазовского междуречья вдоль дорожных насыпей общей протяженностью 103 км проведена инвентаризация подтоплений, возникших из-за строительства дорог. Определена общая нагрузка подтоплений на территорию. На основе материалов дешифрирования ландшафтов территории показано, что подтопления возникают в среднем около одного на 2 км дороги. В заболоченных центральных частях водоразделов площади подтоплений значительно больше, чем в краевых дренированных частях. В широких выработанных и заболоченных речных долинах, характерных для территории, отмечены единичные, но наиболее крупные подтопления, возникающие из-за ошибок строительства водопропускных труб. Крупные, немногочисленные участки вносят наибольший суммарный вклад в подтопление территории. Local flooding along causeways is common for the heavy soils in the north of Western Siberia. The flooding marks out as a separate category of human impact. Much of the research is devoted to the phenomenon of transformation of ecosystems in the flooding area. In this paper we attempt to quantify the occurrence of flooding in tundra. Landsat ETM with a resolution of 15 m / pixel and Spot with a resolution of 10 m / pixel were used for decoding images of landscapes. Materials of inventory of flooding that occurred within three years after the construction of causeways in the Pur-Taz interfluve in the area of a typical tundra were used as initial data. The total length of surveyed roads was 103 km. Amount of flooding and its area in the central and marginal wetlands, drained parts of the local watersheds, were used as the main characteristics. Road sections crossing the peaty bands of runoff and valleys of the former rivers, which are part of local watercourses, were classified into a separate category. 55 sites of flooding with the total area of 59.8 hectares were marked throughout the surveyed roads. Only three cases of flooding but very big in size were noted on the parts of the bands of previous runoff and river valleys. Flooding occurred due to errors when installing artificial water channels inside the roadways at such causeways. In the central and marginal parts of the local watershed flooding occurs at about the same rate 0.58 cases per kilometer of road in the central part, and 0.55 cases in the marginal areas of watersheds. At the same time sites of flooding were bigger in size (1.36 ± 0.33 ha) in swampy areas of watersheds. In general, the total area of flooding here was about 0.79 hectares per kilometer. Due to the flat relief flooding here develops along the roads, covering the surrounding hollows of palsas. In the marginal parts of the local watershed flooding was smaller, on average 0.79 ± 0.15 ha. The flooding areas here were 0.44 hectares per kilometer. Flooding in marginal areas is confined to small watershed depressions and runoff hollows, and develops along the landforms. Sites of 1.0 to 0.5 hectares dominate in areas of flooding. The greatest contribution to the flooding (about 75%) comes from a few large sites of the territory. The analysis of flooding has shown that reduction of its occurrence rate and the reduction of its area is a challenge. In the central parts of the watersheds flooding occurs with very little vertical difference of the surface and uncertain direction of water runoff, which it is difficult to account for when designing culverts. Small depressions and hollows of runoff with a minimum height difference are not pointed even on large-scale maps, which also complicates the prognosis of flooding.