КОЧЕВОЕ СКОТОВОДСТВО И ОСЕДЛОСТЬ ТУВИНЦЕВ В СОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

• Main Author: Самарина, Наталья
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет" 2011
• Subjects: КОЧЕВОЕ СКОТОВОДСТВО,ОСЕДЛОСТЬ,СЕДЕНТАРИЗАЦИЯ,ТУВА,NOMADIC CATTLE BREEDING,SETTLED WAY OF LIFE,TRANSITION TO SETTLED WAY OF LIFE,TUVA; Tuva; taiga
• Online Access: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kochevoe-skotovodstvo-i-osedlost-tuvintsev-v-sovetskiy-period; http://cyberleninka.ru/article_covers/13993116.png

Описывается процесс седентаризации тувинцев, обращается внимание на прочность кочевых традиций среди тувинцев, прослеживается роль русских поселений и модернизации сельского хозяйства на оседлость. Приводится сравнение с соседними национальными регионами (Бурятия, Хакасия), утверждается, что кочевое скотоводство на территории Тувы в советский период не исчезло и после распада СССР произошла номадизация образа жизни скотоводов. In Tuva there was historically a nomadic cattle breeding with accordingly adapted way of life of the population. It was promoted by region environmental conditions: the most part of Tuva is a steppe zone with small vegetation. There were historically three economiccultural types: nomadic cattlemen горностепной zones (95 %), nomadic and seminomadic cattlemen of a mountain-taiga zone (2 %), huntersreindeer breeders of a taiga zone (3 %). The nomadic cattle breeding has started to undergo changes after formation of the Tuva National Republic (1921-1944) when there have been begun attempts to spend collectivization in agriculture on purpose to translate nomads on settled way of life. Despite taken measures, at the moment of occurrence of Tuva in structure of the USSR (1944) Collective associations had been captured only 19 % of Tuvinians-nomads. Activization of process of modernization of agriculture has had for 1949-1953 It is considered that by 1953 process transition to settled way of life has been finished the former nomads became members of collective farms and state farms, the most part settled population, having recruited of ranks of working collective farms and state farms. However, contrary to this opinion, a part of Tuvinians haven't ceased to conduct a nomadic way of life, departures of separate economy on summers have remained, and even in republic state farms shepherds worked. Polytypic elements of culture of nomadic and settled settlements simultaneously continued to exist. The indigenous population most part has been occupied by agriculture, and, besides work in state farms, conducted a personal part-time farm, at Tuvinians it was cattle breeding. Communication settled way of life and agriculture modernization is traced. Including influence of Russian settlements on settled way of life of Tuvinians. Unlike the next national regions (Buryatiya, Khakassia) Tuva to a lesser degree was exposed to migratory process of the population of village in a city, and by the end of 1980th the population most part (54 %) were countrymen. Tuvinians as any other people find out exclusive adherence to space, according to census of 1979 97,7 % of Tuvinians lived in Tuva, and during the modern period to 90 % of indigenous population remain to live in republic. The indigenous population of Tuva possesses low migratory mobility for region limits. In 1979 1987 the gain of agricultural population from all Siberian national regions was observed only in Tuva. With the beginning of modernization nomads have appeared incapable to compete to industrial economy. Nomads began to be involved in modernization. Singular modernization. Plural modernizations processes as the subordinated party. The nomadic economy as a result began to change, the public organization was deformed. For collectivization and Transition to settled way of life are available a negative consequence partial loss of cultural values. After disintegration of socialist system in many regions of the former USSR has occurred nomadic cattle a way of life of cattlemen, return to seminatural methods of housekeeping.