Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal roduction and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence...
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ftcsic:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/86689 2024-02-11T10:05:11+01:00 Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis Ramírez, Hugo Reina, Ramsés Amorena Zabalza, Beatriz Andrés, Damián F. de Martínez, Humberto A. 2013-04-23 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/86689 https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 en eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Publisher’s version http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 doi:10.3390/v5041175 issn: 1999-4915 Viruses 5(4): 1175-1207 (2013) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/86689 23611847 open artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 2013 ftcsic https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 2024-01-16T09:54:09Z Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal roduction and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host's cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Peer Reviewed Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Digital.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) Viruses 5 4 1175 1207 |
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English |
description |
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal roduction and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host's cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Peer Reviewed |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ramírez, Hugo Reina, Ramsés Amorena Zabalza, Beatriz Andrés, Damián F. de Martínez, Humberto A. |
spellingShingle |
Ramírez, Hugo Reina, Ramsés Amorena Zabalza, Beatriz Andrés, Damián F. de Martínez, Humberto A. Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
author_facet |
Ramírez, Hugo Reina, Ramsés Amorena Zabalza, Beatriz Andrés, Damián F. de Martínez, Humberto A. |
author_sort |
Ramírez, Hugo |
title |
Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
title_short |
Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
title_full |
Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
title_fullStr |
Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Small ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
title_sort |
small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/86689 https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 |
genre |
Iceland |
genre_facet |
Iceland |
op_relation |
Publisher’s version http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 doi:10.3390/v5041175 issn: 1999-4915 Viruses 5(4): 1175-1207 (2013) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/86689 23611847 |
op_rights |
open |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 |
container_title |
Viruses |
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5 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1175 |
op_container_end_page |
1207 |
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1790602079327223808 |