An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Language: | English |
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2021
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10508/11963 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 |
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ftcsic:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/321596 2024-02-11T10:00:49+01:00 An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P. 1850-present 2021-09-21 http://hdl.handle.net/10508/11963 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 en eng #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# EC/H2020/727453 Centro Oceanográfico de Santander VoR https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/full Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. 2021: 642372-1-642372-24 2296-7745 http://hdl.handle.net/10508/11963 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596 doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 22919 open Medio Marino Centro Oceanográfico de Santander sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators research article 2021 ftcsic https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 2024-01-16T11:46:33Z Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013 ºC per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068 ºC per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm-2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm-2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1-0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16-41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by -13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by -2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Climate change Sea ice Digital.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) Arctic Frontiers in Marine Science 8 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Digital.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) |
op_collection_id |
ftcsic |
language |
English |
topic |
Medio Marino Centro Oceanográfico de Santander sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators |
spellingShingle |
Medio Marino Centro Oceanográfico de Santander sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P. An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
topic_facet |
Medio Marino Centro Oceanográfico de Santander sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators |
description |
Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013 ºC per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068 ºC per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm-2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm-2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1-0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16-41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by -13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by -2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P. |
author_facet |
García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P. |
author_sort |
García-Soto, Carlos |
title |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_short |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_full |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_fullStr |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_full_unstemmed |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_sort |
overview of ocean climate change indicators: sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, ocean ph, dissolved oxygen concentration, arctic sea ice extent, thickness and volume, sea level and strength of the amoc (atlantic meridional overturning circulation) |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10508/11963 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 |
op_coverage |
1850-present |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Climate change Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Climate change Sea ice |
op_relation |
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# EC/H2020/727453 Centro Oceanográfico de Santander VoR https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/full Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. 2021: 642372-1-642372-24 2296-7745 http://hdl.handle.net/10508/11963 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596 doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 22919 |
op_rights |
open |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
8 |
_version_ |
1790596554946510848 |