Unique spicules may confound species differentiation: taxonomy and biogeography of Melonanchora Carter, 1874 and two new related genera (Myxillidae: Poecilosclerida) from the Okhotsk Sea

• Published in: PeerJ
• Main Authors: Santín, Andreu, Uriz, María Jesús, Cristobo, Francisco J., Xavier, J. R., Ríos, Pilar
• Other Authors: Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: PeerJ 2021
• Subjects: Poecilosclerida; Biogeography; Porifera; Melonanchora; Deep-Sea; Spicule evolution; New species; Atlanto-Mediterranean; Okhotsk Sea; Aleutian Islands; Okhotsk; okhotsk sea
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/257576; https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12515; https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033; https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780

Este artículo contiene 63 páginas, 16 figuras, 3 tablas. Sponges are amongst the most difficult benthic taxa to properly identify, which has led to a prevalence of cryptic species in several sponge genera, especially in those with simple skeletons. This is particularly true for sponges living in remote or hardly accessible environments, such as the deep-sea, as the inaccessibility of their habitat and the lack of accurate descriptions usually leads to misclassifications. However, species can also remain hidden even when they belong to genera that have particularly characteristic features. In these cases, researchers inevitably pay attention to these peculiar features, sometimes disregarding small differences in the other “typical” spicules. The genus Melonanchora Carter, 1874, is among those well suited for a revision, as their representatives possess a unique type of spicule (spherancorae). After a thorough review of the material available for this genus from several institutions, four new species of Melonanchora, M. tumultuosa sp. nov., M. insulsa sp. nov., M. intermedia sp. nov. and M. maeli sp. nov. are formally described from different localities across the Atlanto-Mediterranean region. Additionally, all Melonanchora from the Okhotsk Sea and nearby areas are reassigned to other genera; Melonanchora kobjakovae is transferred to Myxilla (Burtonanchora) while two new genera, Hanstoreia gen. nov. and Arhythmata gen. nov. are created to accommodate Melonanchora globogilva and Melonanchora tetradedritifera, respectively. Hanstoreia gen. nov. is closest to Melonanchora, whereas Arhythmata gen. nov., is closer to Stelodoryx, which is most likely polyphyletic and in need of revision. This research has been performed in the scope of the SponGES project, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 679849. This study was funded by the European Commission LIFE C “Nature and Biodiversity” call, and included in the INDEMARES (07/NAT/E/ ...