European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes
In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the b...
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/167919 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 |
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ftcsic:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/167919 2024-02-11T10:08:34+01:00 European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain López-Moreno, Juan I. Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna Lerber, Annakaisa von Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin Rosnay, Patricia de Arslan, Ali Nadir European Commission 2018-06-22 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/167919 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 unknown Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727890 Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 Sí Sensors 18(7): 2016 (2018) 1424-8220 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/167919 doi:10.3390/s18072016 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 29932447 open Snow properties In-situ measurements Instruments artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 2018 ftcsic https://doi.org/10.3390/s1807201610.13039/501100000780 2024-01-16T10:31:58Z In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the benefit of climate change scenarios, hydrology, and numerical weather prediction”. Here we present the results of this survey, which was answered by 125 participants from 99 operational and research institutions, belonging to 38 European countries. The typologies of environments where the snow measurements are performed range from mountain to low elevated plains, including forests, bogs, tundra, urban areas, glaciers, lake ice, and sea ice. Of the respondents, 93% measure snow macrophysical parameters, such as snow presence, snow depth (HS), snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow density. These describe the bulk characteristics of the whole snowpack or of a snow layer, and they are the primary snow properties that are needed for most operational applications (such as hydrological monitoring, avalanche forecast, and weather forecast). In most cases, these measurements are done with manual methods, although for snow presence, HS, and SWE, automatized methods are also applied by some respondents. Parameters characterizing precipitating and suspended snow (such as the height of new snow, precipitation intensity, flux of drifting/blowing snow, and particle size distribution), some of which are crucial for the operational services, are measured by 74% of the respondents. Parameters characterizing the snow microstructural properties (such as the snow grain size and shape, and specific surface area), the snow electromagnetic properties (such as albedo, brightness temperature, and backscatter), and the snow composition (such as impurities and isotopes) are measured by 41%, 26%, and 13% of the respondents, respectively, mostly for research applications. The results of this survey are discussed from the perspective of the need of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Sea ice Tundra Digital.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) Sensors 18 7 2016 |
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Digital.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) |
op_collection_id |
ftcsic |
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unknown |
topic |
Snow properties In-situ measurements Instruments |
spellingShingle |
Snow properties In-situ measurements Instruments Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain López-Moreno, Juan I. Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna Lerber, Annakaisa von Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin Rosnay, Patricia de Arslan, Ali Nadir European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
topic_facet |
Snow properties In-situ measurements Instruments |
description |
In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the benefit of climate change scenarios, hydrology, and numerical weather prediction”. Here we present the results of this survey, which was answered by 125 participants from 99 operational and research institutions, belonging to 38 European countries. The typologies of environments where the snow measurements are performed range from mountain to low elevated plains, including forests, bogs, tundra, urban areas, glaciers, lake ice, and sea ice. Of the respondents, 93% measure snow macrophysical parameters, such as snow presence, snow depth (HS), snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow density. These describe the bulk characteristics of the whole snowpack or of a snow layer, and they are the primary snow properties that are needed for most operational applications (such as hydrological monitoring, avalanche forecast, and weather forecast). In most cases, these measurements are done with manual methods, although for snow presence, HS, and SWE, automatized methods are also applied by some respondents. Parameters characterizing precipitating and suspended snow (such as the height of new snow, precipitation intensity, flux of drifting/blowing snow, and particle size distribution), some of which are crucial for the operational services, are measured by 74% of the respondents. Parameters characterizing the snow microstructural properties (such as the snow grain size and shape, and specific surface area), the snow electromagnetic properties (such as albedo, brightness temperature, and backscatter), and the snow composition (such as impurities and isotopes) are measured by 41%, 26%, and 13% of the respondents, respectively, mostly for research applications. The results of this survey are discussed from the perspective of the need of ... |
author2 |
European Commission |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain López-Moreno, Juan I. Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna Lerber, Annakaisa von Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin Rosnay, Patricia de Arslan, Ali Nadir |
author_facet |
Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain López-Moreno, Juan I. Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna Lerber, Annakaisa von Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin Rosnay, Patricia de Arslan, Ali Nadir |
author_sort |
Pirazzini, Roberta |
title |
European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
title_short |
European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
title_full |
European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
title_fullStr |
European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
title_full_unstemmed |
European in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
title_sort |
european in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/167919 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 |
genre |
Sea ice Tundra |
genre_facet |
Sea ice Tundra |
op_relation |
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727890 Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 Sí Sensors 18(7): 2016 (2018) 1424-8220 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/167919 doi:10.3390/s18072016 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 29932447 |
op_rights |
open |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/s1807201610.13039/501100000780 |
container_title |
Sensors |
container_volume |
18 |
container_issue |
7 |
container_start_page |
2016 |
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1790607953135403008 |