Modulation of the seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent by sea ice processes and feedbacks with the ocean and the atmosphere

• Main Authors: Goosse, Hugues, Allende Contador, Sofia, Bitz, Cecilia M., Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Edward, Eayrs, Clare, Fichefet, Thierry, Himmich, Kenza, Huot, Pierre-Vincent, Klein, François, Marchi, Sylvain, Massonnet, François, Mezzina, Bianca, Pelletier, Charles, Roach, Lettie A., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Lipzig, Nicole P. M.
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Ice Shelf; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-201; https://tc.copernicus.org/preprints/tc-2022-201/

The seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent is strongly asymmetric, with a relatively slow increase after the summer minimum followed by a more rapid decrease after the winter maximum. This cycle is intimately linked to the seasonal cycle of the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere but sea ice processes as well as the exchanges with the atmosphere and ocean may also play a role. To quantify these contributions, a series of idealized sensitivity experiments have been performed with an eddy-permitting (1/4°) NEMO-LIM3 Southern Ocean configuration including a representation of ice shelf cavities, in which the model was either driven by an atmospheric reanalysis or coupled to the COSMO-CLM 2 regional atmospheric model. In those experiments, sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics as well as the exchanges with the ocean and atmosphere are strongly perturbed. This is achieved by modifying snow and ice thermal conductivities, the vertical mixing in the ocean top layers, the effect of freshwater uptake/release upon sea ice growth/melt, ice dynamics and surface albedo. We find that the evolution of sea ice extent during the ice advance season is largely independent of the direct effect of the perturbation and appears thus mainly controlled by initial state in summer and subsequent insolation changes. In contrast, the melting rate varies strongly between the experiments during the retreat, in particular if the surface albedo or sea ice transport are modified, demonstrating a strong contribution of those elements to the evolution of ice coverage through spring and summer. As with the advance phase, the retreat is also influenced by conditions at the beginning of the melt season in September. Atmospheric feedbacks enhance the model winter ice extent response to any of the perturbed processes, and the enhancement is strongest when the albedo is modified. The response of sea ice volume and extent to changes in entrainment of subsurface warm waters to the ocean surface is also greatly amplified by the coupling ...