Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean
The Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean (PA, hereafter) is a region sensitive to climate change. Given the alarming changes in sea ice cover during recent years, knowledge of sea ice loss with respect to ice advection and melting processes has become critical. With satellite-derived products from the...
Published in: | The Cryosphere |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
2019
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/13/1423/2019/ |
id |
ftcopernicus:oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc73985 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Copernicus Publications: E-Journals |
op_collection_id |
ftcopernicus |
language |
English |
description |
The Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean (PA, hereafter) is a region sensitive to climate change. Given the alarming changes in sea ice cover during recent years, knowledge of sea ice loss with respect to ice advection and melting processes has become critical. With satellite-derived products from the National Snow and Ice Center (NSIDC), a 38-year record (1979–2016) of the loss in sea ice area in summer within the Pacific-Arctic (PA) sector due to the two processes is obtained. The average sea ice outflow from the PA to the Atlantic-Arctic (AA) Ocean during the summer season (June–September) reaches 0.173×10 6 km 2 , which corresponds to approximately 34 % of the mean annual export (October to September). Over the investigated period, a positive trend of 0.004×10 6 km 2 yr −1 is also observed for the outflow field in summer. The mean estimate of sea ice retreat within the PA associated with summer melting is 1.66×10 6 km 2 , with a positive trend of 0.053×10 6 km 2 yr −1 . As a result, the increasing trends of ice retreat caused by outflow and melting together contribute to a stronger decrease in sea ice coverage within the PA ( 0.057×10 6 km 2 yr −1 ) in summer. In percentage terms, the melting process accounts for 90.4 % of the sea ice retreat in the PA in summer, whereas the remaining 9.6 % is explained by the outflow process, on average. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the connections are relatively strong ( R =0.63 ), moderate ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.46</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4f9f533dc4b1268318e991872a7b2e14"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00001.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> ), and weak ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.24</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="eaa0dff95117737796b4c60d4a76287d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00002.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg> ) between retreat of sea ice and the winds associated with the dipole anomaly (DA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO), respectively. The DA participates by impacting both the advection ( R =0.74 ) and melting ( R =0.55 ) processes, whereas the NAO affects the melting process ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.46</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="55f9c6455fa1e60f5f64769b5b88a549"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00003.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg> ). |
format |
Text |
author |
Bi, Haibo Yang, Qinghua Liang, Xi Zhang, Liang Wang, Yunhe Liang, Yu Huang, Haijun |
spellingShingle |
Bi, Haibo Yang, Qinghua Liang, Xi Zhang, Liang Wang, Yunhe Liang, Yu Huang, Haijun Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
author_facet |
Bi, Haibo Yang, Qinghua Liang, Xi Zhang, Liang Wang, Yunhe Liang, Yu Huang, Haijun |
author_sort |
Bi, Haibo |
title |
Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
title_short |
Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
title_full |
Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
title_fullStr |
Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
title_full_unstemmed |
Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean |
title_sort |
contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the pacific sector of the arctic ocean |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/13/1423/2019/ |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Climate change North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Pacific Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Climate change North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Pacific Arctic Sea ice |
op_source |
eISSN: 1994-0424 |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/13/1423/2019/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
1423 |
op_container_end_page |
1439 |
_version_ |
1766328657920393216 |
spelling |
ftcopernicus:oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc73985 2023-05-15T14:56:34+02:00 Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean Bi, Haibo Yang, Qinghua Liang, Xi Zhang, Liang Wang, Yunhe Liang, Yu Huang, Haijun 2019-05-08 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/13/1423/2019/ eng eng doi:10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/13/1423/2019/ eISSN: 1994-0424 Text 2019 ftcopernicus https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 2020-07-20T16:22:50Z The Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean (PA, hereafter) is a region sensitive to climate change. Given the alarming changes in sea ice cover during recent years, knowledge of sea ice loss with respect to ice advection and melting processes has become critical. With satellite-derived products from the National Snow and Ice Center (NSIDC), a 38-year record (1979–2016) of the loss in sea ice area in summer within the Pacific-Arctic (PA) sector due to the two processes is obtained. The average sea ice outflow from the PA to the Atlantic-Arctic (AA) Ocean during the summer season (June–September) reaches 0.173×10 6 km 2 , which corresponds to approximately 34 % of the mean annual export (October to September). Over the investigated period, a positive trend of 0.004×10 6 km 2 yr −1 is also observed for the outflow field in summer. The mean estimate of sea ice retreat within the PA associated with summer melting is 1.66×10 6 km 2 , with a positive trend of 0.053×10 6 km 2 yr −1 . As a result, the increasing trends of ice retreat caused by outflow and melting together contribute to a stronger decrease in sea ice coverage within the PA ( 0.057×10 6 km 2 yr −1 ) in summer. In percentage terms, the melting process accounts for 90.4 % of the sea ice retreat in the PA in summer, whereas the remaining 9.6 % is explained by the outflow process, on average. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the connections are relatively strong ( R =0.63 ), moderate ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.46</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4f9f533dc4b1268318e991872a7b2e14"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00001.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> ), and weak ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.24</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="eaa0dff95117737796b4c60d4a76287d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00002.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg> ) between retreat of sea ice and the winds associated with the dipole anomaly (DA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO), respectively. The DA participates by impacting both the advection ( R =0.74 ) and melting ( R =0.55 ) processes, whereas the NAO affects the melting process ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.46</mn></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="55f9c6455fa1e60f5f64769b5b88a549"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00003.svg" width="52pt" height="10pt" src="tc-13-1423-2019-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg> ). Text Arctic Arctic Ocean Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Climate change North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Pacific Arctic Sea ice Copernicus Publications: E-Journals Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific The Cryosphere 13 5 1423 1439 |