Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment
Snow conditions in the Northern Hemisphere are rapidly changing, and information on snow depth is critical for decision-making and other societal needs. Uncrewed or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) can offer data resolutions of a few centimeters at a catchment-scale and thus provide a low-cost solut...
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ftcopernicus:oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc108096 2023-11-12T04:26:56+01:00 Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment Rauhala, Anssi Meriö, Leo-Juhani Kuzmin, Anton Korpelainen, Pasi Ala-aho, Pertti Kumpula, Timo Kløve, Bjørn Marttila, Hannu 2023-10-17 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/4343/2023/ eng eng doi:10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/4343/2023/ eISSN: 1994-0424 Text 2023 ftcopernicus https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 2023-10-23T16:24:18Z Snow conditions in the Northern Hemisphere are rapidly changing, and information on snow depth is critical for decision-making and other societal needs. Uncrewed or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) can offer data resolutions of a few centimeters at a catchment-scale and thus provide a low-cost solution to bridge the gap between sparse manual probing and low-resolution satellite data. In this study, we present a series of snow depth measurements using different UAS platforms throughout the winter in the Finnish subarctic site Pallas, which has a heterogeneous landscape. We discuss the different platforms, the methods utilized, difficulties working in the harsh northern environment, and the UAS snow depth results compared to in situ measurements. Generally, all UASs produced spatially representative estimates of snow depth in open areas after reliable georeferencing by using the structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique. However, significant differences were observed in the accuracies produced by the different UASs compared to manual snow depth measurements, with overall root mean square errors (RMSEs) varying between 13.0 and 25.2 cm, depending on the UAS. Additionally, a reduction in accuracy was observed when moving from an open mire area to forest-covered areas. We demonstrate the potential of low-cost UASs to efficiently map snow surface conditions, and we give some recommendations on UAS platform selection and operation in a harsh subarctic environment with variable canopy cover. Text Subarctic Copernicus Publications: E-Journals The Cryosphere 17 10 4343 4362 |
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Open Polar |
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Copernicus Publications: E-Journals |
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ftcopernicus |
language |
English |
description |
Snow conditions in the Northern Hemisphere are rapidly changing, and information on snow depth is critical for decision-making and other societal needs. Uncrewed or unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) can offer data resolutions of a few centimeters at a catchment-scale and thus provide a low-cost solution to bridge the gap between sparse manual probing and low-resolution satellite data. In this study, we present a series of snow depth measurements using different UAS platforms throughout the winter in the Finnish subarctic site Pallas, which has a heterogeneous landscape. We discuss the different platforms, the methods utilized, difficulties working in the harsh northern environment, and the UAS snow depth results compared to in situ measurements. Generally, all UASs produced spatially representative estimates of snow depth in open areas after reliable georeferencing by using the structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique. However, significant differences were observed in the accuracies produced by the different UASs compared to manual snow depth measurements, with overall root mean square errors (RMSEs) varying between 13.0 and 25.2 cm, depending on the UAS. Additionally, a reduction in accuracy was observed when moving from an open mire area to forest-covered areas. We demonstrate the potential of low-cost UASs to efficiently map snow surface conditions, and we give some recommendations on UAS platform selection and operation in a harsh subarctic environment with variable canopy cover. |
format |
Text |
author |
Rauhala, Anssi Meriö, Leo-Juhani Kuzmin, Anton Korpelainen, Pasi Ala-aho, Pertti Kumpula, Timo Kløve, Bjørn Marttila, Hannu |
spellingShingle |
Rauhala, Anssi Meriö, Leo-Juhani Kuzmin, Anton Korpelainen, Pasi Ala-aho, Pertti Kumpula, Timo Kløve, Bjørn Marttila, Hannu Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
author_facet |
Rauhala, Anssi Meriö, Leo-Juhani Kuzmin, Anton Korpelainen, Pasi Ala-aho, Pertti Kumpula, Timo Kløve, Bjørn Marttila, Hannu |
author_sort |
Rauhala, Anssi |
title |
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
title_short |
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
title_full |
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
title_fullStr |
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
title_sort |
measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using uass – part 1: measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/4343/2023/ |
genre |
Subarctic |
genre_facet |
Subarctic |
op_source |
eISSN: 1994-0424 |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/17/4343/2023/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
17 |
container_issue |
10 |
container_start_page |
4343 |
op_container_end_page |
4362 |
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1782340735088984064 |