New insights into the decadal variability in glacier volume of a tropical ice cap, Antisana (0°29′ S, 78°09′ W), explained by the morpho-topographic and climatic context

• Published in: The Cryosphere
• Main Authors: Basantes-Serrano, Rubén, Rabatel, Antoine, Francou, Bernard, Vincent, Christian, Soruco, Alvaro, Condom, Thomas, Ruíz, Jean Carlo
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: Pacific; Ice cap
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022; https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/4659/2022/

We present a comprehensive study of the evolution of the glaciers on the Antisana ice cap (tropical Andes) over the period 1956–2016. Based on geodetic observations of aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite images, we explore the effects of morpho-topographic and climate variables on glacier volumes. Contrasting behaviour was observed over the whole period, with two periods of strong mass loss, 1956–1964 ( −0.72 m w.e. yr −1 ) and 1979–1997 ( −0.82 m w.e. yr −1 ), and two periods with slight mass loss, 1965–1978 (0.10 m w.e. yr −1 ) and 1998–2016 ( −0.26 m w.e. yr −1 ). There was a 42 % reduction in the total surface area of the ice cap. Individually, glacier responses were modulated by morpho-topographic variables (e.g. maximum and median altitude and surface area), particularly in the case of the small tongues located at low elevations (Glacier 1, 5 and 16) which have been undergoing accelerated disintegration since the 1990s and will likely disappear in the coming years. Moreover, thanks to the availability of aerial data, a surging event was detected on the Antisana Glacier 8 (G8) in the 2009–2011 period; such an event is extremely rare in this region and deserves a dedicated study. Despite the effect of the complex topography, glaciers have reacted in agreement with changes in climate forcing, with a stepwise transition towards warmer and alternating wet–dry conditions since the mid-1970s. Long-term decadal variability is consistent with the warm–cold conditions observed in the Pacific Ocean represented by the Southern Oscillation index.