On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century
The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of...
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ftcopernicus:oai:publications.copernicus.org:esd105141 2023-05-15T13:11:40+02:00 On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century Fang, Shih-Wei Timmreck, Claudia Jungclaus, Johann Krüger, Kirstin Schmidt, Hauke 2022-11-07 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/ eng eng doi:10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/ eISSN: 2190-4987 Text 2022 ftcopernicus https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 2022-11-14T17:22:43Z The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of the two forcing (volcano and solar) agents is still unclear. In this study, we examine the responses from a set of early 19th century simulations with combined and separated volcanic and solar forcing agents, as suggested in the protocol for the past1000 experiment of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – Phase 4 (PMIP4). From 20-member ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-LR), we find that the volcano- and solar-induced surface cooling is additive in the global mean/large scale, regardless of combining or separating the forcing agents. The two solar reconstructions (SATIRE (Spectral and Total Irradiance REconstruction-Millennia model) and PMOD (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos)) contribute to a cooling before and after 1815 of ∼0.05 and ∼0.15 K monthly average near-surface air cooling, respectively, indicating a limited solar contribution to the early 19th century cold period. The volcanic events provide the main cooling contributions, inducing a surface cooling that peaks at ∼0.82 K for the 1809 event and ∼1.35 K for Tambora. After the Tambora eruption, the temperature in most regions increases toward climatology largely within 5 years, along with the reduction of volcanic forcing. In the northern extratropical oceans, the temperature increases slowly at a constant rate until 1830, which is related to the reduction of seasonality and the concurrent changes in Arctic sea-ice extent. The albedo feedback of Arctic sea ice is found to be the main contributor to the Arctic amplification of the cooling signal. Several non-additive responses to solar and volcanic forcing happen on regional scales. In the atmosphere, the stratospheric polar vortex ... Text albedo Arctic Sea ice Copernicus Publications: E-Journals Arctic Earth System Dynamics 13 4 1535 1555 |
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Open Polar |
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Copernicus Publications: E-Journals |
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ftcopernicus |
language |
English |
description |
The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of the two forcing (volcano and solar) agents is still unclear. In this study, we examine the responses from a set of early 19th century simulations with combined and separated volcanic and solar forcing agents, as suggested in the protocol for the past1000 experiment of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – Phase 4 (PMIP4). From 20-member ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-LR), we find that the volcano- and solar-induced surface cooling is additive in the global mean/large scale, regardless of combining or separating the forcing agents. The two solar reconstructions (SATIRE (Spectral and Total Irradiance REconstruction-Millennia model) and PMOD (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos)) contribute to a cooling before and after 1815 of ∼0.05 and ∼0.15 K monthly average near-surface air cooling, respectively, indicating a limited solar contribution to the early 19th century cold period. The volcanic events provide the main cooling contributions, inducing a surface cooling that peaks at ∼0.82 K for the 1809 event and ∼1.35 K for Tambora. After the Tambora eruption, the temperature in most regions increases toward climatology largely within 5 years, along with the reduction of volcanic forcing. In the northern extratropical oceans, the temperature increases slowly at a constant rate until 1830, which is related to the reduction of seasonality and the concurrent changes in Arctic sea-ice extent. The albedo feedback of Arctic sea ice is found to be the main contributor to the Arctic amplification of the cooling signal. Several non-additive responses to solar and volcanic forcing happen on regional scales. In the atmosphere, the stratospheric polar vortex ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Fang, Shih-Wei Timmreck, Claudia Jungclaus, Johann Krüger, Kirstin Schmidt, Hauke |
spellingShingle |
Fang, Shih-Wei Timmreck, Claudia Jungclaus, Johann Krüger, Kirstin Schmidt, Hauke On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
author_facet |
Fang, Shih-Wei Timmreck, Claudia Jungclaus, Johann Krüger, Kirstin Schmidt, Hauke |
author_sort |
Fang, Shih-Wei |
title |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_short |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_full |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_fullStr |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_sort |
on the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/ |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
albedo Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
albedo Arctic Sea ice |
op_source |
eISSN: 2190-4987 |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 |
container_title |
Earth System Dynamics |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1535 |
op_container_end_page |
1555 |
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1766248437382119424 |