Glacial–interglacial dynamics of Antarctic firn columns: comparison between simulations and ice core air-δ15N measurements

• Published in: Climate of the Past
• Main Authors: Capron, E., Landais, A., Buiron, D., Cauquoin, A., Chappellaz, J., Debret, M., Jouzel, J., Leuenberger, M., Martinerie, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mulvaney, R., Parrenin, F., Prié, F.
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2018
• Subjects: Antarctic; Berkner Island; Dronning Maud Land; Ross Island; Antarc*; Antarctica; EPICA; ice core; James Ross Island
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-983-2013; https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/9/983/2013/

Correct estimation of the firn lock-in depth is essential for correctly linking gas and ice chronologies in ice core studies. Here, two approaches to constrain the firn depth evolution in Antarctica are presented over the last deglaciation: outputs of a firn densification model, and measurements of δ 15 N of N 2 in air trapped in ice core, assuming that δ 15 N is only affected by gravitational fractionation in the firn column. Since the firn densification process is largely governed by surface temperature and accumulation rate, we have investigated four ice cores drilled in coastal (Berkner Island, BI, and James Ross Island, JRI) and semi-coastal (TALDICE and EPICA Dronning Maud Land, EDML) Antarctic regions. Combined with available ice core air-δ 15 N measurements from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) site, the studied regions encompass a large range of surface accumulation rates and temperature conditions. Our δ 15 N profiles reveal a heterogeneous response of the firn structure to glacial–interglacial climatic changes. While firn densification simulations correctly predict TALDICE δ 15 N variations, they systematically fail to capture the large millennial-scale δ 15 N variations measured at BI and the δ 15 N glacial levels measured at JRI and EDML – a mismatch previously reported for central East Antarctic ice cores. New constraints of the EDML gas–ice depth offset during the Laschamp event (~41 ka) and the last deglaciation do not favour the hypothesis of a large convective zone within the firn as the explanation of the glacial firn model–δ 15 N data mismatch for this site. While we could not conduct an in-depth study of the influence of impurities in snow for firnification from the existing datasets, our detailed comparison between the δ 15 N profiles and firn model simulations under different temperature and accumulation rate scenarios suggests that the role of accumulation rate may have been underestimated in the current description of firnification models.