Regional-scale phytoplankton dynamics and their association with glacier meltwater runoff in Svalbard

• Main Authors: Dunse, Thorben, Dong, Kaixing, Aas, Kjetil Schanke, Stige, Leif Christian
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2021
• Subjects: Arctic; Greenland; Svalbard; glacier; Global warming; Phytoplankton; Sea ice; Spitsbergen
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-181; https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/bg-2021-181/

Arctic amplification of global warming has accelerated mass loss of Arctic land ice over the past decades and lead to increased freshwater discharge into glacier fjords and adjacent seas. Glacier freshwater discharge is typically associated with high sediment loads which limits the euphotic depth, but may also provide surface waters with essential nutrients, thus having counter-acting effects on marine productivity. In-situ observations from a few measured fjords across the Arctic indicate that glacier fjords dominated by marine-terminating glaciers are typically more productive than those with only land-terminating glaciers. Here we combine chlorophyll a from satellite ocean colour, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass, with glacier meltwater runoff from climatic mass-balance modelling to establish a statistical model of summertime-phytoplankton dynamics in Svalbard (mid-June to September). Statistical analysis reveals positive spatiotemporal association of chlorophyll a with glacier runoff for 7 out of 14 primary hydrological regions. These regions consist predominantly of the major fjord systems of Svalbard. The adjacent land areas are characterized by a wide range of total glacier coverage (35.5 % to 81.2 %) and fraction of marine-terminating glacier area (40.2 % to 87.4 %). We find that an increase in specific glacier-runoff rate of 10 mm water equivalent per 8-day timeperiod raises summertime chlorophyll a concentrations by 5.2 % to 20.0 %, depending on region. During the annual peak discharge we estimate that glacier runoff contributes to 13.1 % to 50.2 % increase in chlorophyll a compared to situations with no runoff. This suggest that glacier runoff is an important factor sustaining summertime phytoplankton production in Svalbard fjords, in line with findings from several fjords in Greenland. In contrast, for regions bordering open coasts, and beyond 10 km distance from the shore, we do not find significant association of chlorophyll a with runoff. In these regions, physical ocean and sea ice variables control chlorophyll a , pointing at the importance of a late sea ice breakup in northern Svalbard, as well as the advection of Atlantic water masses along the West Spitsbergen Current for summertime phytoplankton dynamics. Our method allows for investigation and monitoring of glacier-runoff effects on primary production throughout the summer season and is applicable on a Pan-Arctic scale, thus complementing valuable but scarce in-situ measurements in both space and time.