Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea
In the Arctic Ocean, phytoplankton blooms on continental shelves are often limited by light availability, and are therefore thought to be restricted to waters free of sea ice. During July 2011 in the Chukchi Sea, a large phytoplankton bloom was observed beneath fully consolidated pack ice and extend...
Published in: | Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography |
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ftclarkuniv:oai:commons.clarku.edu:faculty_geography-1224 2023-09-05T13:16:51+02:00 Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea Arrigo, Kevin R. Perovich, Donald K. Pickart, Robert S. Brown, Zachary W. van Dijken, Gert L. Lowry, Kate E. Mills, Matthew M. Palmer, Molly A. Balch, William M. Bates, Nicholas R. Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R. Brownlee, Emily Frey, Karen E. Laney, Samuel R. Mathis, Jeremy Matsuoka, Atsushi Greg Mitchell, B. Moore, G. W.K. Reynolds, Rick A. Sosik, Heidi M. Swift, James H. 2014-01-01T08:00:00Z https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 unknown Clark Digital Commons https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/225 doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 Geography Arctic phytoplankton sea ice Climate Oceanography text 2014 ftclarkuniv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 2023-08-14T06:15:24Z In the Arctic Ocean, phytoplankton blooms on continental shelves are often limited by light availability, and are therefore thought to be restricted to waters free of sea ice. During July 2011 in the Chukchi Sea, a large phytoplankton bloom was observed beneath fully consolidated pack ice and extended from the ice edge to >100km into the pack. The bloom was composed primarily of diatoms, with biomass reaching 1291mg chlorophyll am-2 and rates of carbon fixation as high as 3.7gCm-2d-1. Although the sea ice where the bloom was observed was near 100% concentration and 0.8-1.2m thick, 30-40% of its surface was covered by melt ponds that transmitted 4-fold more light than adjacent areas of bare ice, providing sufficient light for phytoplankton to bloom. Phytoplankton growth rates associated with the under-ice bloom averaged 0.9d-1 and were as high as 1.6d-1. We argue that a thinning sea ice cover with more numerous melt ponds over the past decade has enhanced light penetration through the sea ice into the upper water column, favoring the development of these blooms. These observations, coupled with additional biogeochemical evidence, suggest that phytoplankton blooms are currently widespread on nutrient-rich Arctic continental shelves and that satellite-based estimates of annual primary production in waters where under-ice blooms develop are ~10-fold too low. These massive phytoplankton blooms represent a marked shift in our understanding of Arctic marine ecosystems. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Phytoplankton Sea ice Clark University: Clark Digital Commons Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 105 1 16 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Clark University: Clark Digital Commons |
op_collection_id |
ftclarkuniv |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Arctic phytoplankton sea ice Climate Oceanography |
spellingShingle |
Arctic phytoplankton sea ice Climate Oceanography Arrigo, Kevin R. Perovich, Donald K. Pickart, Robert S. Brown, Zachary W. van Dijken, Gert L. Lowry, Kate E. Mills, Matthew M. Palmer, Molly A. Balch, William M. Bates, Nicholas R. Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R. Brownlee, Emily Frey, Karen E. Laney, Samuel R. Mathis, Jeremy Matsuoka, Atsushi Greg Mitchell, B. Moore, G. W.K. Reynolds, Rick A. Sosik, Heidi M. Swift, James H. Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
topic_facet |
Arctic phytoplankton sea ice Climate Oceanography |
description |
In the Arctic Ocean, phytoplankton blooms on continental shelves are often limited by light availability, and are therefore thought to be restricted to waters free of sea ice. During July 2011 in the Chukchi Sea, a large phytoplankton bloom was observed beneath fully consolidated pack ice and extended from the ice edge to >100km into the pack. The bloom was composed primarily of diatoms, with biomass reaching 1291mg chlorophyll am-2 and rates of carbon fixation as high as 3.7gCm-2d-1. Although the sea ice where the bloom was observed was near 100% concentration and 0.8-1.2m thick, 30-40% of its surface was covered by melt ponds that transmitted 4-fold more light than adjacent areas of bare ice, providing sufficient light for phytoplankton to bloom. Phytoplankton growth rates associated with the under-ice bloom averaged 0.9d-1 and were as high as 1.6d-1. We argue that a thinning sea ice cover with more numerous melt ponds over the past decade has enhanced light penetration through the sea ice into the upper water column, favoring the development of these blooms. These observations, coupled with additional biogeochemical evidence, suggest that phytoplankton blooms are currently widespread on nutrient-rich Arctic continental shelves and that satellite-based estimates of annual primary production in waters where under-ice blooms develop are ~10-fold too low. These massive phytoplankton blooms represent a marked shift in our understanding of Arctic marine ecosystems. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. |
format |
Text |
author |
Arrigo, Kevin R. Perovich, Donald K. Pickart, Robert S. Brown, Zachary W. van Dijken, Gert L. Lowry, Kate E. Mills, Matthew M. Palmer, Molly A. Balch, William M. Bates, Nicholas R. Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R. Brownlee, Emily Frey, Karen E. Laney, Samuel R. Mathis, Jeremy Matsuoka, Atsushi Greg Mitchell, B. Moore, G. W.K. Reynolds, Rick A. Sosik, Heidi M. Swift, James H. |
author_facet |
Arrigo, Kevin R. Perovich, Donald K. Pickart, Robert S. Brown, Zachary W. van Dijken, Gert L. Lowry, Kate E. Mills, Matthew M. Palmer, Molly A. Balch, William M. Bates, Nicholas R. Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R. Brownlee, Emily Frey, Karen E. Laney, Samuel R. Mathis, Jeremy Matsuoka, Atsushi Greg Mitchell, B. Moore, G. W.K. Reynolds, Rick A. Sosik, Heidi M. Swift, James H. |
author_sort |
Arrigo, Kevin R. |
title |
Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
title_short |
Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
title_full |
Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
title_fullStr |
Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea |
title_sort |
phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the chukchi sea |
publisher |
Clark Digital Commons |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Phytoplankton Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Phytoplankton Sea ice |
op_source |
Geography |
op_relation |
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/225 doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018 |
container_title |
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography |
container_volume |
105 |
container_start_page |
1 |
op_container_end_page |
16 |
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1776198289500143616 |