Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf
High-resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO2(sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea-air CO2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area...
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ftclarkuniv:oai:commons.clarku.edu:faculty_geography-1223 2023-09-05T13:18:30+02:00 Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf Cross, Jessica N. Mathis, Jeremy T. Frey, Karen E. Cosca, Catherine E. Danielson, Seth L. Bates, Nicholas R. Feely, Richard A. Takahashi, Taro Evans, Wiley 2014-01-01T08:00:00Z application/pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/224 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009579 https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_2014.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo1.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo2.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo3.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo4.pdf unknown Clark Digital Commons https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/224 doi:10.1002/2013JC009579 https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_2014.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo1.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo2.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo3.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo4.pdf Geography air-sea interaction annual variation carbon dioxide continental shelf gas exchange ice cover sea ice sea surface temperature seasonality spatiotemporal analysis wind velocity Climate Oceanography text 2014 ftclarkuniv https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009579 2023-08-14T06:16:39Z High-resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO2(sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea-air CO2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area from April to December were calculated, and contributions of physical and biological processes to observed monthly sea-air pCO2 gradients (ΔpCO2) were investigated. Net efflux of CO2 was observed during November, December, and April, despite the impact of sea surface cooling on ΔpCO2. Although the Bering Sea was believed to be a moderate to strong atmospheric CO2 sink, we found that autumn and winter CO2 effluxes balanced 65% of spring and summer CO2 uptake. Ice cover reduced sea-air CO2 fluxes in December, April, and May. Our estimate for ice-cover corrected fluxes suggests the mechanical inhibition of CO2 flux by seaice cover has only a small impact on the annual scale ((<2%). An important data gap still exists for January to March, the period of peak ice cover and the highest expected retardation of the fluxes. By interpolating between December and April using assumptions of the described autumn and winter conditions, we estimate the Bering Sea shelf area is an annual CO2 sink of 6.8 Tg C yr21. With changing climate, we expect warming sea surface temperatures, reduced ice cover, and greater wind speeds with enhanced gas exchange to decrease the size of this CO2 sink by augmenting conditions favorable for greater wintertime outgassing. Text Bering Sea Sea ice Clark University: Clark Digital Commons Bering Sea Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 10 6693 6708 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Clark University: Clark Digital Commons |
op_collection_id |
ftclarkuniv |
language |
unknown |
topic |
air-sea interaction annual variation carbon dioxide continental shelf gas exchange ice cover sea ice sea surface temperature seasonality spatiotemporal analysis wind velocity Climate Oceanography |
spellingShingle |
air-sea interaction annual variation carbon dioxide continental shelf gas exchange ice cover sea ice sea surface temperature seasonality spatiotemporal analysis wind velocity Climate Oceanography Cross, Jessica N. Mathis, Jeremy T. Frey, Karen E. Cosca, Catherine E. Danielson, Seth L. Bates, Nicholas R. Feely, Richard A. Takahashi, Taro Evans, Wiley Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
topic_facet |
air-sea interaction annual variation carbon dioxide continental shelf gas exchange ice cover sea ice sea surface temperature seasonality spatiotemporal analysis wind velocity Climate Oceanography |
description |
High-resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO2(sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea-air CO2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area from April to December were calculated, and contributions of physical and biological processes to observed monthly sea-air pCO2 gradients (ΔpCO2) were investigated. Net efflux of CO2 was observed during November, December, and April, despite the impact of sea surface cooling on ΔpCO2. Although the Bering Sea was believed to be a moderate to strong atmospheric CO2 sink, we found that autumn and winter CO2 effluxes balanced 65% of spring and summer CO2 uptake. Ice cover reduced sea-air CO2 fluxes in December, April, and May. Our estimate for ice-cover corrected fluxes suggests the mechanical inhibition of CO2 flux by seaice cover has only a small impact on the annual scale ((<2%). An important data gap still exists for January to March, the period of peak ice cover and the highest expected retardation of the fluxes. By interpolating between December and April using assumptions of the described autumn and winter conditions, we estimate the Bering Sea shelf area is an annual CO2 sink of 6.8 Tg C yr21. With changing climate, we expect warming sea surface temperatures, reduced ice cover, and greater wind speeds with enhanced gas exchange to decrease the size of this CO2 sink by augmenting conditions favorable for greater wintertime outgassing. |
format |
Text |
author |
Cross, Jessica N. Mathis, Jeremy T. Frey, Karen E. Cosca, Catherine E. Danielson, Seth L. Bates, Nicholas R. Feely, Richard A. Takahashi, Taro Evans, Wiley |
author_facet |
Cross, Jessica N. Mathis, Jeremy T. Frey, Karen E. Cosca, Catherine E. Danielson, Seth L. Bates, Nicholas R. Feely, Richard A. Takahashi, Taro Evans, Wiley |
author_sort |
Cross, Jessica N. |
title |
Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
title_short |
Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
title_full |
Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
title_fullStr |
Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
title_full_unstemmed |
Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
title_sort |
annual sea-air co2 fluxes in the bering sea: insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf |
publisher |
Clark Digital Commons |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/224 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009579 https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_2014.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo1.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo2.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo3.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo4.pdf |
geographic |
Bering Sea |
geographic_facet |
Bering Sea |
genre |
Bering Sea Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Bering Sea Sea ice |
op_source |
Geography |
op_relation |
https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_geography/224 doi:10.1002/2013JC009579 https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_2014.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo1.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo2.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo3.pdf https://commons.clarku.edu/context/faculty_geography/article/1223/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/GeogFacWorks_Frey_AnnualSeaAir_SuppInfo4.pdf |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009579 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |
container_volume |
119 |
container_issue |
10 |
container_start_page |
6693 |
op_container_end_page |
6708 |
_version_ |
1776199458647703552 |