1 The Antarctic 'ozone hole ' combined with no sea ice causes severe oxidative damage in echinoid embryos

• Main Authors: Kathryn N. Lister, Miles D. Lamare, David J
• Other Authors: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antarctic; McMurdo Sound; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctica; Sea ice
• Online Access: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.668.5785; http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2906/version/1/files/npre20092906-1.pdf

‘These authors contributed equally to this work’ Over the past three decades, the ‘ozone hole ’ has caused a transient increase in the levels of ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280 to 320 nm) reaching Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems1. The direct effect of this enhanced UV-B on pelagic organisms remains unclear, for few studies have examined in situ the responses of Antarctic marine organisms in direct relation to the ‘ozone hole’. Here we show that the presence of the ‘ozone hole ’ over McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during a two-week period in 2008 resulted in unequivocal increases in oxidative damage and developmental abnormality in embryos of the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner (Echinoidea: Echinidae) growing in open waters. We show that although embryos have a limited capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes, increased UV-B exposure caused a very large increase in oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Importantly, we show that embryo damage, resulting from the presence of the ‘ozone hole’, is largely mitigated by sea ice, with embryos beneath the ice protected from UV-B and hence oxidative damage. As the