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• Main Authors: David G. Ainley A, K. David Hyre B
• Other Authors: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2009
• Subjects: Arctic; Zooplankton
• Online Access: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.656.5247; http://www.pelagicos.net/Publications/Ainley_Hyrenbach_2010.pdf

unprecedented and concurrent climatic and anthropogenic forcing (e.g., Levitus et al., 2001; Bovy, 2007; Österblom et al., 2007; Halp-ern et al., 2008). Perhaps as a result, many marine populations are experiencing monotonic changes (i.e., linear increases or de-creases), rather than the cyclical patterns recorded in the archeo-logical and historical records (e.g., Glantz and Thompson, 1981; Baumgartner et al., 1992; Horn and Stephens, 2006). Most contem-et al., 2001; Batchelder et al., 2002; Field et al., 2006). Indeed, a warming trend over the last 50 yr has impacted the global ocean, including the highly productive California current system (CCS), by forcing an ecosystem shift from a productive sub-arctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment (Venrick et al., 1987; McGowan et al., 1998). This biogeographic transition has led to a shift from cold-water to warm-water communities of pri-mary consumers (e.g., zooplankton), mid-level consumers (e.g., nekton) and upper-trophic predators (e.g., seabirds) (Peterson