The mechanisms of interference competition: two experiments on foraging waders

• Main Authors: Wouter K. Vahl, Jaap Van, Der Meer, Franz J. Weissing, Diederik Van Dullemen, Theunis Piersma
• Other Authors: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2005
• Subjects: Calidris canutus; Red Knot; Ruddy Turnstone
• Online Access: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.551.764; http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/science/2006/w.k.vahl/c2.pdf

Models of population dynamics that include interference competition have often been applied to foraging waders and less so to other for-agers, even though these models are, in principle, generally applicable. At present, however, it is still unclear whether interference competition is of importance for foraging waders. To support this idea experimental evidence and knowledge of the mechanisms underlying interference effects are required. We experimentally determined the relationship between forager density and foraging success in two wader species: the red knot (Calidris canutus) and the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria inter-pres). With each of the two species, we conducted an experiment con-sisting of 300 one-minute trials. In these trials we scored the behavior and the foraging success of focal individuals at specific combinations of bird and prey density. Irrespective of prey density, individuals of both species discovered fewer prey items at higher bird densities. Despite this, only in turnstones did intake rates decline with increasing bird den-sity. Knots compensated for a lower prey-discovery rate by rejecting fewer prey items at higher bird densities. In knots, bird density had a complex, nonmonotonic effect on the time spent vigilant and searching. In turnstones the main effect of increased bird density was a reduction in the prey-encounter rate, that is, the reward per unit search time. Effects on the time spent vigilant and the time spent searching were less pronounced than in knots. Thus, the mechanistic basis of the effects of bird density was complex for each of the two species and differed between them.