INTERACTIONS
Abstract. This paper argues that the pervasive distributions of closely-spaced stress-aligned fluid-saturated microcracks in almost all rocks are a critical system close to fracture criticality and loss of shear strength. New evidence includes three examples in which observations and modelling direc...
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| Format: | Text |
| Language: | English |
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| Online Access: | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.526.997 http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/scrampin/opinion/Crampin_Chastin(2001).pdf |
| Summary: | Abstract. This paper argues that the pervasive distributions of closely-spaced stress-aligned fluid-saturated microcracks in almost all rocks are a critical system close to fracture criticality and loss of shear strength. New evidence includes three examples in which observations and modelling directly imply non-linear interactive critical systems with some form of self-organised criticality (SOC). These are a direct calibration of anisotropic poro-elasticity (APE) by monitoring and modelling the response of a reservoir to a high-pressure injection. Moni-toring and modelling velocity and attenuation dispersion in a rock physics laboratory. Moni-toring the effect of the build-up of stress before earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, including the successful stress forecast of the time and magnitude of an ML=5 (MS » 6) earthquake in southwest Iceland. These new results from three very different fields strongly suggest that the earth's crust is a critical interactive non-linear system with self-organised criticality (SOC). Some effects are subtle and easily ignored. Others are so common and familiar that we have developed one-off explanations in terms of conventional deterministic physics to describe their behaviour and occurrence. We suggest that the identification of the sub-critical physical processes is one reason for the success of APE-modelling. Recognition of (crack) criticality leads to a new understanding of low-level (pre-fracturing) deformation that has massive implications for almost all dynamic processes in the crust. These include reservoir characterisation, hydrocarbon recovery, monitoring the progress of fluid-fluid fronts, and the build-up of stress before fracturing, faulting, and earthquakes, and the movement of magma before volcanic activity. The implications will be discussed and the arguments presented. 1 |
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