JUNE, 1931 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 241

• Other Authors: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Subjects: Arctic; Tundra
• Online Access: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.387.8775; http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/059/mwr-059-06-0241b.pdf

The sea-level temperature maps show strikingly the gradients in temperature along the coasts, which in winter are particularly steep along the Murman coast and the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. In spring the contrasts in the south are much diminished, but in the northeast they are very great indeed, amounting in April to 12 " C. in 7% ' of latitude, or 1.6 " C. (2.9 ' F.) per latitude degree. The summer months show striking contrast (about 6 " C. difference in July) between the chilly Arctic coast and the northern tundra. The larger lakes show a 2 " or 3 " C. excess of temperature relative to land in autumn and an equal deficiency in early summer. The annual range is under 20 " on the western Arctic coasts, but 27 " to 30 " only 50 miles from the northern shore. In eastern and southeastern Russia the range is 34 ' to 39 " C. The advance of spring and fall as shown by the five isothermal maps for different temperatures indicate strikingly how spring bursts upon the plains of central Russia and how suddenly winter sets in. In central Russia the-5", O", 5", and 10 " isotherms advance 400 to 700 miles in 10 days in spring, but not quite so fast in fall. In the north, however, the advance is slowed to 100 miles in 10 days. Correspondingly, the changes in temperature from montb to month reach large values in spring and fall, mostly 7 ' to 11 " for April to May and 6 " to 9 ' for September to October. The maps of frequencies.of days above certain ternperatures indicate great differences, especially in the number of days over 15 " C., which might be called mild days. These range from 150 in the Crimea to 100 about latitude 52", 50 at latitude 61', aqd 0 at latitude 65". The maps are clearly presented, being black lines on,z light brown hachured base, with blue for water (two shades, for shallow and deep). The scale is ample and the isothermal interval, 1 ' C., small enough for dl required detail.