| Summary: | There is a growing body of literature documenting the expansion of emerging parasites to sub-arctic areas. The potential impact of global warming on shifts in the spatiotemporal distribution and transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases in domesticated and wild ungulates may be remarkable [1]. Recent Finnish studies have revealed an array of Filarioid nematodes and associated diseases that appear to be emerging in northern ungulates [2-4]. Members of the genus Setaria (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) are found in the abdominal cavities of artiodactyls (especially Bovidae), equids and hyracoids. All produce microfilariae which are present in host blood [5], and known vectors are haematophagous mosquitoes (Culicidae spp) and horn flies (Haematobia spp.) [6]. The Filarioid nematode Setaria tundra was first
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