www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review
Although the seasonal ice cover of the Baltic Sea has many similarities to its oceanic counterpart in Polar Seas and Oceans, there are many unique characteristics that mainly result from the brackish waters from which the ice is formed, resulting in low bulk salinities and porosities. In addition, d...
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ftciteseerx:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.174.3127 2023-05-15T18:17:44+02:00 www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review Mats Granskog A Hermanni Kaartokallio B Harri Kuosa C David N. Thomas D Jouni Vainio B The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives 2006 application/pdf http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.174.3127 http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf en eng http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.174.3127 http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf Metadata may be used without restrictions as long as the oai identifier remains attached to it. http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf text 2006 ftciteseerx 2016-01-07T16:09:29Z Although the seasonal ice cover of the Baltic Sea has many similarities to its oceanic counterpart in Polar Seas and Oceans, there are many unique characteristics that mainly result from the brackish waters from which the ice is formed, resulting in low bulk salinities and porosities. In addition, due to the milder climate than Polar regions, the annual maximum ice extent is highly variable, and rain and freeze-melt cycles can occur throughout winter. Up to 35 % of the sea ice mass can be composed from metamorphic snow, rather than frozen seawater, and in places snow and superimposed ice can make up to 50 % of the total ice thickness. There is pronounced atmospheric deposition of inorganic nutrients and heavy metals onto the ice, and in the Bothnian Bay it is estimated that 5 % of the total annual flux of nitrogen and phosphorus and 20e40 % of lead and cadmium may be deposited onto the ice fields from the atmosphere. It is yet unclear whether or not the ice is simply a passive store for atmospherically deposited compounds, or if they are transformed through photochemical processes or biological accumulation before released at ice and snow melt. As in Polar sea ice, the Baltic ice can harbour rich biological assemblages, both within the ice itself, and on the peripheries of the ice at the ice/water interface. Much progress has been made in recent years to study the composition of these assemblages as well as measuring biogeochemical processes within the ice related to those in underlying waters. The high dissolved organic matter loading of Baltic waters and ice result in the ice having quite different chemical characteristics than those known from Polar Oceans. The high dissolved organic material load is also Text Sea ice Unknown |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Unknown |
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ftciteseerx |
language |
English |
description |
Although the seasonal ice cover of the Baltic Sea has many similarities to its oceanic counterpart in Polar Seas and Oceans, there are many unique characteristics that mainly result from the brackish waters from which the ice is formed, resulting in low bulk salinities and porosities. In addition, due to the milder climate than Polar regions, the annual maximum ice extent is highly variable, and rain and freeze-melt cycles can occur throughout winter. Up to 35 % of the sea ice mass can be composed from metamorphic snow, rather than frozen seawater, and in places snow and superimposed ice can make up to 50 % of the total ice thickness. There is pronounced atmospheric deposition of inorganic nutrients and heavy metals onto the ice, and in the Bothnian Bay it is estimated that 5 % of the total annual flux of nitrogen and phosphorus and 20e40 % of lead and cadmium may be deposited onto the ice fields from the atmosphere. It is yet unclear whether or not the ice is simply a passive store for atmospherically deposited compounds, or if they are transformed through photochemical processes or biological accumulation before released at ice and snow melt. As in Polar sea ice, the Baltic ice can harbour rich biological assemblages, both within the ice itself, and on the peripheries of the ice at the ice/water interface. Much progress has been made in recent years to study the composition of these assemblages as well as measuring biogeochemical processes within the ice related to those in underlying waters. The high dissolved organic matter loading of Baltic waters and ice result in the ice having quite different chemical characteristics than those known from Polar Oceans. The high dissolved organic material load is also |
author2 |
The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives |
format |
Text |
author |
Mats Granskog A Hermanni Kaartokallio B Harri Kuosa C David N. Thomas D Jouni Vainio B |
spellingShingle |
Mats Granskog A Hermanni Kaartokallio B Harri Kuosa C David N. Thomas D Jouni Vainio B www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
author_facet |
Mats Granskog A Hermanni Kaartokallio B Harri Kuosa C David N. Thomas D Jouni Vainio B |
author_sort |
Mats Granskog A |
title |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
title_short |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
title_full |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
title_fullStr |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
title_full_unstemmed |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Sea ice in the Baltic Sea e A review |
title_sort |
www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss sea ice in the baltic sea e a review |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.174.3127 http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf |
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Sea ice |
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Sea ice |
op_source |
http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf |
op_relation |
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.174.3127 http://www.bangor.ac.uk/%7Eoss102/Granskog_etal_2006.pdf |
op_rights |
Metadata may be used without restrictions as long as the oai identifier remains attached to it. |
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1766192751568748544 |