Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor
Abstract Genetic variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is correlated with melanin color variation in a few reported vertebrates. In Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), plumage color variation exists throughout their arctic and subarctic circumpolar distribution, from white to gray and almos...
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ftciteseerx:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1049.3233 2023-05-15T15:07:10+02:00 Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor Jeff A Johnson AND Angie D Ambers Kurt K Burnham The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives 2012 application/pdf http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1049.3233 http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf en eng http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1049.3233 http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf Metadata may be used without restrictions as long as the oai identifier remains attached to it. http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf text 2012 ftciteseerx 2020-04-05T00:24:45Z Abstract Genetic variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is correlated with melanin color variation in a few reported vertebrates. In Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), plumage color variation exists throughout their arctic and subarctic circumpolar distribution, from white to gray and almost black. Multiple color variants do exist within the majority of populations; however, a few areas (e.g., northern Greenland and Iceland) possess a single color variant. Here, we show that the white/ melanic color pattern observed in Gyrfalcons is explained by allelic variation at MC1R. Six nucleotide substitutions in MC1R resulted in 9 alleles that differed in geographic frequency with at least 2 MC1R alleles observed in almost all sampled populations in Greenland, Iceland, Canada, and Alaska. In north Greenland, where white Gyrfalcons predominate, a single MC1R allele was observed at high frequency (.98%), whereas in Iceland, where only gray Gyrfalcons are known to breed, 7 alleles were observed. Of the 6 nucleotide substitutions, 3 resulted in amino acid substitutions, one of which (Val 128 Ile) was perfectly associated with the white/melanic polymorphism. Furthermore, the degree of melanism was correlated with number of MC1R variant alleles, with silver Gyrfalcons all heterozygous and the majority of dark gray individuals homozygous Text Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland North Greenland Subarctic Alaska Unknown Arctic Canada Greenland |
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English |
description |
Abstract Genetic variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is correlated with melanin color variation in a few reported vertebrates. In Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), plumage color variation exists throughout their arctic and subarctic circumpolar distribution, from white to gray and almost black. Multiple color variants do exist within the majority of populations; however, a few areas (e.g., northern Greenland and Iceland) possess a single color variant. Here, we show that the white/ melanic color pattern observed in Gyrfalcons is explained by allelic variation at MC1R. Six nucleotide substitutions in MC1R resulted in 9 alleles that differed in geographic frequency with at least 2 MC1R alleles observed in almost all sampled populations in Greenland, Iceland, Canada, and Alaska. In north Greenland, where white Gyrfalcons predominate, a single MC1R allele was observed at high frequency (.98%), whereas in Iceland, where only gray Gyrfalcons are known to breed, 7 alleles were observed. Of the 6 nucleotide substitutions, 3 resulted in amino acid substitutions, one of which (Val 128 Ile) was perfectly associated with the white/melanic polymorphism. Furthermore, the degree of melanism was correlated with number of MC1R variant alleles, with silver Gyrfalcons all heterozygous and the majority of dark gray individuals homozygous |
author2 |
The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives |
format |
Text |
author |
Jeff A Johnson AND Angie D Ambers Kurt K Burnham |
spellingShingle |
Jeff A Johnson AND Angie D Ambers Kurt K Burnham Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
author_facet |
Jeff A Johnson AND Angie D Ambers Kurt K Burnham |
author_sort |
Jeff A Johnson |
title |
Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
title_short |
Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
title_full |
Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
title_fullStr |
Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
title_sort |
genetics of plumage color in the gyrfalcon (falco rusticolus): analysis of the melanocortin-1 receptor |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1049.3233 http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf |
geographic |
Arctic Canada Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Canada Greenland |
genre |
Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland North Greenland Subarctic Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland North Greenland Subarctic Alaska |
op_source |
http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf |
op_relation |
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1049.3233 http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/researchers/uploads/197/johnson_etal_2012_gyrfalcon_mc1r.pdf |
op_rights |
Metadata may be used without restrictions as long as the oai identifier remains attached to it. |
_version_ |
1766338724303470592 |