Evolutionary trends in leaf morphology and biogeography of Altingiaceae based on fossil evidence

• Published in: Palaeoworld
• Main Authors: Lai, Yang-Jun, Li, Shu-Jie, Wang, Wei-Ming
• Format: Report
• Language: English
• Published: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 2018
• Subjects: Altingiaceae; Liquidambar; Leaf morphology; Evolution; Biogeography; COMPARATIVE INFRUCTESCENCE MORPHOLOGY; LIQUIDAMBAR ALTINGIACEAE; NEOTROPICAL PALEOBOTANY; HAMAMELIDACEAE; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCES; Paleontology; North Atlantic
• Online Access: http://ir.nigpas.ac.cn/handle/332004/16654; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2018.06.002

The extant woody family Altingiaceae, consisting of only one genus Liquidambar L. with ca. 15 species, demonstrates a typical disjunctive distribution among East Asia, North America, and the Mediterranean. However, the fossil record throughout the Cenozoic indicates that Altingiaceae was once widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. After studying the abundant Altingiaceae fossil leaf collections, we revised the easily-confused fossil leaves and corrected the misidentifications. Consequently, we proposed an evolutionary history of Altingiaceae leaf morphology in consulting the modern leaf characteristics. It is revealed that the trilobated leaf morphology is the ancestral character state, whereas both the pentalobated and the undivided, pinnate-veined lineages evolved separately. The latter diverged from the trilobated ancestor in South China in Eocene. The lobed and undivided lineages represent the deciduous and evergreen, respectively. An extensive fossil database of Altingiaceae was built to reconstruct its biogeographical history. We reconfirmed that Altingiaceae developed into a temperate and a subtropical-tropical patterns and migrated across both the Bering and North Atlantic land bridges since Cretaceous, independently. It was widespread in the early Neogene of North America and Eurasia, and became extinct in the high latitude triggered by the global cooling and aridification. The modern disjunctive distribution was finally formed, with southeast Asia as its modern diversity center. This study provides new fossil evidence for understanding the morphology and biogeography of the family Altingiaceae. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.