Revisiting the Cause of the 1989-2009 Arctic Surface Warming Using the Surface Energy Budget: Downward Infrared Radiation Dominates the Surface Fluxes

• Published in: Geophysical Research Letters
• Main Authors: Lee, Sukyoung, Gong, Tingting, Feldstein, Steven B., Screen, James A., Simmonds, Ian
• Format: Report
• Language: English
• Published: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION 2017
• Subjects: Geology; Geosciences; Multidisciplinary; SEA-ICE; AMPLIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; OCEAN; Arctic; Arctic Ocean; Simmonds; albedo; Sea ice
• Online Access: http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/157369; https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075375

The Arctic has been warming faster than elsewhere, especially during the cold season. According to the leading theory, ice-albedo feedback warms the Arctic Ocean during the summer, and the heat gained by the ocean is released during the winter, causing the cold-season warming. Screen and Simmonds (2010; SS10) concluded that the theory is correct by comparing trend patterns in surface air temperature (SAT), surface turbulence heat flux (HF), and net surface infrared radiation (IR). However, in this comparison, downward IR is more appropriate to use. By analyzing the same data used in SS10 using the surface energy budget, it is shown here that over most of the Arctic the skin temperature trend, which closely resembles the SAT trend, is largely accounted for by the downward IR, not the HF, trend. Plain Language Summary The Arctic has been warming faster than elsewhere, especially during the fall and winter. According to the leading theory, ice-albedo feedback warms the Arctic Ocean during the summer, and the heat gained by the ocean is released during the fall and winter, causing warming in these seasons. Deviating from this theory, it is shown here that over most of the Arctic, the skin temperature trend, which closely resembles the SAT trend, is largely accounted for by the downward infrared radiation, not the ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux, trend.