ロシア、ヤマル・ネネツ自治管区における個人経営トナカイ牧畜の変遷 : 最近の公式統計に基づく若干の分析

• Main Authors: 吉田, 睦, YOSHIDA, Atsushi
• Format: Report
• Language: Japanese
• Published: 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論講座 2020
• Subjects: nenets; Tundra; Siberia
• Online Access: https://opac.ll.chiba-u.jp/da/curator/900119493/; https://opac.ll.chiba-u.jp/da/curator/900119493/S21857148-22-P001-YOS.pdf

[ABSTRACT] The Nenets are indigenous people of Siberia, Russia, who are famous for reindeer herding. The total amount of domesticated reindeer worldwide is estimated to be about 2.5 million, and more than 2/3 (over 1.8 million) inhabit inside the Russian Federation. Among the Nenets, especially in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District (YaNAO), the number of domesticated reindeer is about 900 thousand in recent years, which is half of all Russian domesticated reindeer. Yamal Nenets’ specific features of reindeer herding are that 3/4 of the reindeer in YaNAO are managed under individual herders, most of whom have a year-round nomadic life. This paper analyzes several aspects of the recent situation about reindeer herding in the YaNAO District on the basis of official statistics even though there are some deviations within and between central (Federal State Statistic Service, Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation) and local data (governmental statistics office of YaNAO). The striking features of the reindeer herding in YaNAO is the steady increasing trend after World War II. This may be because Tundra Nenets, who are the main actors in the reindeer herding, have continued individual herding activity throughout the 20th century with limited interference from local administration except special nomadic payments “Tundravye vyplaty” for nomadic populations from 2004 as well as official pension. Such an individual herders’ activity is typical among the three northern administrative regions: Yamal, Taz and Priural. Yamal and Taz regions are occupied by typical tundra vegetation and tundra type of reindeer herding is practiced, with relatively large amount of livestock as well as long fixed routes and large range of annual nomadic pasture for herding. Notably, in the Taz region, 80% of the reindeer are maintained under individual herders and only 20% belongs to three comparatively small municipal enterprises. The situation is a little bit different in the Yamal region where the percentage of percentage of ...