Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance
Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems to rapid climate warming. These changes in vegetation potentially alter ecosystem carbon balances by affecting a complex...
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ftcdlib:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9m732117 2024-02-11T10:00:34+01:00 Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance Mekonnen, Zelalem A Riley, William J Berner, Logan T Bouskill, Nicholas J Torn, Margaret S Iwahana, Go Breen, Amy L Myers-Smith, Isla H Criado, Mariana García Liu, Yanlan Euskirchen, Eugénie S Goetz, Scott J Mack, Michelle C Grant, Robert F 053001 2021-05-01 application/pdf https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m732117 unknown eScholarship, University of California qt9m732117 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m732117 public Environmental Research Letters, vol 16, iss 5 Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences Ecological Applications Biological Sciences Ecology Environmental Sciences Forestry Sciences Climate Action shrubification Arctic carbon balance Arctic warming shrub expansion vegetation composition shifts Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences article 2021 ftcdlib 2024-01-15T19:06:13Z Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems to rapid climate warming. These changes in vegetation potentially alter ecosystem carbon balances by affecting a complex set of soil-plant-atmosphere interactions. In this review, we synthesize the literature on (a) observed shrub expansion, (b) key climatic and environmental controls and mechanisms that affect shrub expansion, (c) impacts of shrub expansion on ecosystem carbon balance, and (d) research gaps and future directions to improve process representations in land models. A broad range of evidence, including in-situ observations, warming experiments, and remotely sensed vegetation indices have shown increases in growth and abundance of woody plants, particularly tall deciduous shrubs, and advancing shrublines across the circumpolar Arctic. This recent shrub expansion is affected by several interacting factors including climate warming, accelerated nutrient cycling, changing disturbance regimes, and local variation in topography and hydrology. Under warmer conditions, tall deciduous shrubs can be more competitive than other plant functional types in tundra ecosystems because of their taller maximum canopy heights and often dense canopy structure. Competitive abilities of tall deciduous shrubs vs herbaceous plants are also controlled by variation in traits that affect carbon and nutrient investments and retention strategies in leaves, stems, and roots. Overall, shrub expansion may affect tundra carbon balances by enhancing ecosystem carbon uptake and altering ecosystem respiration, and through complex feedback mechanisms that affect snowpack dynamics, permafrost degradation, surface energy balance, and litter inputs. Observed and projected tall deciduous shrub expansion and the subsequent effects on surface energy and carbon balances may alter feedbacks to the climate system. Land models, including those integrated in Earth ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic permafrost Tundra University of California: eScholarship Arctic |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of California: eScholarship |
op_collection_id |
ftcdlib |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences Ecological Applications Biological Sciences Ecology Environmental Sciences Forestry Sciences Climate Action shrubification Arctic carbon balance Arctic warming shrub expansion vegetation composition shifts Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
spellingShingle |
Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences Ecological Applications Biological Sciences Ecology Environmental Sciences Forestry Sciences Climate Action shrubification Arctic carbon balance Arctic warming shrub expansion vegetation composition shifts Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Mekonnen, Zelalem A Riley, William J Berner, Logan T Bouskill, Nicholas J Torn, Margaret S Iwahana, Go Breen, Amy L Myers-Smith, Isla H Criado, Mariana García Liu, Yanlan Euskirchen, Eugénie S Goetz, Scott J Mack, Michelle C Grant, Robert F Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
topic_facet |
Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences Ecological Applications Biological Sciences Ecology Environmental Sciences Forestry Sciences Climate Action shrubification Arctic carbon balance Arctic warming shrub expansion vegetation composition shifts Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
description |
Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems to rapid climate warming. These changes in vegetation potentially alter ecosystem carbon balances by affecting a complex set of soil-plant-atmosphere interactions. In this review, we synthesize the literature on (a) observed shrub expansion, (b) key climatic and environmental controls and mechanisms that affect shrub expansion, (c) impacts of shrub expansion on ecosystem carbon balance, and (d) research gaps and future directions to improve process representations in land models. A broad range of evidence, including in-situ observations, warming experiments, and remotely sensed vegetation indices have shown increases in growth and abundance of woody plants, particularly tall deciduous shrubs, and advancing shrublines across the circumpolar Arctic. This recent shrub expansion is affected by several interacting factors including climate warming, accelerated nutrient cycling, changing disturbance regimes, and local variation in topography and hydrology. Under warmer conditions, tall deciduous shrubs can be more competitive than other plant functional types in tundra ecosystems because of their taller maximum canopy heights and often dense canopy structure. Competitive abilities of tall deciduous shrubs vs herbaceous plants are also controlled by variation in traits that affect carbon and nutrient investments and retention strategies in leaves, stems, and roots. Overall, shrub expansion may affect tundra carbon balances by enhancing ecosystem carbon uptake and altering ecosystem respiration, and through complex feedback mechanisms that affect snowpack dynamics, permafrost degradation, surface energy balance, and litter inputs. Observed and projected tall deciduous shrub expansion and the subsequent effects on surface energy and carbon balances may alter feedbacks to the climate system. Land models, including those integrated in Earth ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Mekonnen, Zelalem A Riley, William J Berner, Logan T Bouskill, Nicholas J Torn, Margaret S Iwahana, Go Breen, Amy L Myers-Smith, Isla H Criado, Mariana García Liu, Yanlan Euskirchen, Eugénie S Goetz, Scott J Mack, Michelle C Grant, Robert F |
author_facet |
Mekonnen, Zelalem A Riley, William J Berner, Logan T Bouskill, Nicholas J Torn, Margaret S Iwahana, Go Breen, Amy L Myers-Smith, Isla H Criado, Mariana García Liu, Yanlan Euskirchen, Eugénie S Goetz, Scott J Mack, Michelle C Grant, Robert F |
author_sort |
Mekonnen, Zelalem A |
title |
Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
title_short |
Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
title_full |
Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
title_fullStr |
Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
title_full_unstemmed |
Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
title_sort |
arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance |
publisher |
eScholarship, University of California |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m732117 |
op_coverage |
053001 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic permafrost Tundra |
genre_facet |
Arctic permafrost Tundra |
op_source |
Environmental Research Letters, vol 16, iss 5 |
op_relation |
qt9m732117 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m732117 |
op_rights |
public |
_version_ |
1790596284099330048 |