Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States
Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagle...
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ftcdlib:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8n54n6m0 2023-11-12T04:28:11+01:00 Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States Niedringhaus, Kevin D Nemeth, Nicole M Gibbs, Samantha Zimmerman, Jared Shender, Lisa Slankard, Kate Fenton, Heather Charlie, Bahnson Dalton, Martha Frances Elsmo, Elizabeth J Poppenga, Robert Millsap, Brian Ruder, Mark G Soto-Blanco, Benito e0246134 2021-01-01 application/pdf https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n54n6m0 unknown eScholarship, University of California qt8n54n6m0 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n54n6m0 public PLOS ONE, vol 16, iss 4 Veterinary Sciences Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences 4-Hydroxycoumarins Animals Anticoagulants Bird Diseases Eagles Ecosystem Liver Rodenticides United States General Science & Technology article 2021 ftcdlib 2023-10-16T18:04:39Z Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have recovered from the brink of extinction. However, both bald and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are exposed to a variety of other toxic compounds in the environment that could have population impacts. Few studies have focused on anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in eagles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the types of ARs that eagles are exposed to in the USA and better define the extent of toxicosis (i.e., fatal illness due to compound exposure). Diagnostic case records from bald and golden eagles submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia) 2014 through 2018 were reviewed. Overall, 303 eagles were examined, and the livers from 116 bald eagles and 17 golden eagles were tested for ARs. The percentage of AR exposure (i.e., detectable levels but not associated with mortality) in eagles was high; ARs were detected in 109 (82%) eagles, including 96 (83%) bald eagles and 13 (77%) golden eagles. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was determined to be the cause of mortality in 12 (4%) of the 303 eagles examined, including 11 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle. Six different AR compounds were detected in these eagles, with brodifacoum and bromadiolone most frequently detected (81% and 25% of eagles tested, respectively). These results suggest that some ARs, most notably brodifacoum, are widespread in the environment and are commonly consumed by eagles. This highlights the need for research to understand the pathways of AR exposure in eagles, which may help inform policy and regulatory actions to mitigate AR exposure risk. Article in Journal/Newspaper Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle University of California: eScholarship |
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Open Polar |
collection |
University of California: eScholarship |
op_collection_id |
ftcdlib |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Veterinary Sciences Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences 4-Hydroxycoumarins Animals Anticoagulants Bird Diseases Eagles Ecosystem Liver Rodenticides United States General Science & Technology |
spellingShingle |
Veterinary Sciences Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences 4-Hydroxycoumarins Animals Anticoagulants Bird Diseases Eagles Ecosystem Liver Rodenticides United States General Science & Technology Niedringhaus, Kevin D Nemeth, Nicole M Gibbs, Samantha Zimmerman, Jared Shender, Lisa Slankard, Kate Fenton, Heather Charlie, Bahnson Dalton, Martha Frances Elsmo, Elizabeth J Poppenga, Robert Millsap, Brian Ruder, Mark G Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
topic_facet |
Veterinary Sciences Agricultural Veterinary and Food Sciences 4-Hydroxycoumarins Animals Anticoagulants Bird Diseases Eagles Ecosystem Liver Rodenticides United States General Science & Technology |
description |
Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have recovered from the brink of extinction. However, both bald and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are exposed to a variety of other toxic compounds in the environment that could have population impacts. Few studies have focused on anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in eagles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the types of ARs that eagles are exposed to in the USA and better define the extent of toxicosis (i.e., fatal illness due to compound exposure). Diagnostic case records from bald and golden eagles submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia) 2014 through 2018 were reviewed. Overall, 303 eagles were examined, and the livers from 116 bald eagles and 17 golden eagles were tested for ARs. The percentage of AR exposure (i.e., detectable levels but not associated with mortality) in eagles was high; ARs were detected in 109 (82%) eagles, including 96 (83%) bald eagles and 13 (77%) golden eagles. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was determined to be the cause of mortality in 12 (4%) of the 303 eagles examined, including 11 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle. Six different AR compounds were detected in these eagles, with brodifacoum and bromadiolone most frequently detected (81% and 25% of eagles tested, respectively). These results suggest that some ARs, most notably brodifacoum, are widespread in the environment and are commonly consumed by eagles. This highlights the need for research to understand the pathways of AR exposure in eagles, which may help inform policy and regulatory actions to mitigate AR exposure risk. |
author2 |
Soto-Blanco, Benito |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Niedringhaus, Kevin D Nemeth, Nicole M Gibbs, Samantha Zimmerman, Jared Shender, Lisa Slankard, Kate Fenton, Heather Charlie, Bahnson Dalton, Martha Frances Elsmo, Elizabeth J Poppenga, Robert Millsap, Brian Ruder, Mark G |
author_facet |
Niedringhaus, Kevin D Nemeth, Nicole M Gibbs, Samantha Zimmerman, Jared Shender, Lisa Slankard, Kate Fenton, Heather Charlie, Bahnson Dalton, Martha Frances Elsmo, Elizabeth J Poppenga, Robert Millsap, Brian Ruder, Mark G |
author_sort |
Niedringhaus, Kevin D |
title |
Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
title_short |
Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
title_full |
Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
title_fullStr |
Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
title_full_unstemmed |
Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States |
title_sort |
anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in the united states |
publisher |
eScholarship, University of California |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n54n6m0 |
op_coverage |
e0246134 |
genre |
Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle |
genre_facet |
Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle |
op_source |
PLOS ONE, vol 16, iss 4 |
op_relation |
qt8n54n6m0 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n54n6m0 |
op_rights |
public |
_version_ |
1782341480427290624 |