| Summary: | Our western scientific understanding of climate relies on modern observations and, for areas and timescales for which those are unavailable, inferences from paleoclimate records. Much of this dissertation aims to develop tools to understand Quaternary climate of the past 2.6 million years, which is characterized by cycles of glaciation. Understanding the increase in magnitude and duration of these glacial-interglacial cycles has motivated international efforts to retrieve an Oldest Ice core in Antarctica containing samples of the ancient atmosphere. To aid in careful site selection, we explore the use of marine dust records as dating templates for Oldest Ice dust, which can be optically logged in a borehole without retrieval of an intact ice core. A new marine dust record close to South American dust sources offers the most promising template for this purpose. While ice cores provide unique and crucial records of global and polar climate, records of regional paleoclimate are also important. Within the timescale of the late Pleistocene to Holocene, noble gases dissolved in groundwater and their isotopic composition serve as valuable tracers of terrestrial climate, but the interpretation of excess dissolved gas (excess air) remains ambiguous. We develop a new sampling and analytical method for dissolved noble gas isotopes and demonstrate that this method is precise and unbiased through air-equilibrated water standards, inter-laboratory comparisons, and comparisons to previous data. We use this new method along with prior data to show that more excess air is generally associated with shallower water tables, though one arid site complicates this finding. Finally, we consider climate futures and the role of geoscience in upholding or subverting colonial relationships with land and people. We move the discussion beyond metaphorical invocations of decolonization, which obscure the full meaning and power of returning land and life to Indigenous peoples. Even motivated by climate change, colluding with state and ...
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