Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet
Great Lakes water levels rose 0.7–1.5m from 2013 to 2019, increasing surface water volume by 285km3. Solid Earth's elastic response to the increased mass load is nearly known: The Great Lakes floor fell 8–23mm, and the adjacent land fell 3–14mm. Correcting GPS measurements for this predicted el...
Published in: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |
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Online Access: | https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d96w7qg https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019739 |
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ftcdlib:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8d96w7qg 2024-09-15T18:12:21+00:00 Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet Argus, Donald F Ratliff, Benjamin DeMets, Charles Borsa, Adrian A Wiese, David N Blewitt, Geoffrey Crowley, John W Martens, Hilary R Kreemer, Corné Landerer, Felix W 2020-09-01 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d96w7qg https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019739 unknown eScholarship, University of California qt8d96w7qg https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d96w7qg doi:10.1029/2020jb019739 public Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol 125, iss 9 Geochemistry Geology Geophysics article 2020 ftcdlib https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019739 2024-06-28T06:28:19Z Great Lakes water levels rose 0.7–1.5m from 2013 to 2019, increasing surface water volume by 285km3. Solid Earth's elastic response to the increased mass load is nearly known: The Great Lakes floor fell 8–23mm, and the adjacent land fell 3–14mm. Correcting GPS measurements for this predicted elastic loading (1) straightens position-time series, making the evolution of position more nearly a constant velocity and (2) reduces estimates of subsidence rate in Wisconsin, Michigan, and southern Ontario by 0.5–2mm/yr, improving constraints on postglacial rebound. GPS records Wisconsin and Michigan to have subsided at 1–4mm/yr. We find this sinking to be produced primarily by viscous collapse of the former Laurentide ice sheet forebulge and secondarily by elastic Great Lakes loading. We infer water on land in the Great Lakes watershed to be total water change observed by GRACE minus Great Lakes surface water smeared by a Gaussian distribution. Water stored on land each year reaches a maximum in March, 6months before Great Lakes water levels peak in September. The seasonal oscillation of water on land in the Great Lakes basin, 100km3 (0.20m water thickness), is twice that in a hydrology model. In the seasons, groundwater in the Great Lakes watershed increases by 60km3 (0.12m) each autumn and winter and decreases by roughly an equivalent amount each spring and summer. In the long term, groundwater volume remained constant from 2004 to 2012 but increased by 50km3 (0.10m) from 2013 to 2019. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ice Sheet University of California: eScholarship Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125 9 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of California: eScholarship |
op_collection_id |
ftcdlib |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Geochemistry Geology Geophysics |
spellingShingle |
Geochemistry Geology Geophysics Argus, Donald F Ratliff, Benjamin DeMets, Charles Borsa, Adrian A Wiese, David N Blewitt, Geoffrey Crowley, John W Martens, Hilary R Kreemer, Corné Landerer, Felix W Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
topic_facet |
Geochemistry Geology Geophysics |
description |
Great Lakes water levels rose 0.7–1.5m from 2013 to 2019, increasing surface water volume by 285km3. Solid Earth's elastic response to the increased mass load is nearly known: The Great Lakes floor fell 8–23mm, and the adjacent land fell 3–14mm. Correcting GPS measurements for this predicted elastic loading (1) straightens position-time series, making the evolution of position more nearly a constant velocity and (2) reduces estimates of subsidence rate in Wisconsin, Michigan, and southern Ontario by 0.5–2mm/yr, improving constraints on postglacial rebound. GPS records Wisconsin and Michigan to have subsided at 1–4mm/yr. We find this sinking to be produced primarily by viscous collapse of the former Laurentide ice sheet forebulge and secondarily by elastic Great Lakes loading. We infer water on land in the Great Lakes watershed to be total water change observed by GRACE minus Great Lakes surface water smeared by a Gaussian distribution. Water stored on land each year reaches a maximum in March, 6months before Great Lakes water levels peak in September. The seasonal oscillation of water on land in the Great Lakes basin, 100km3 (0.20m water thickness), is twice that in a hydrology model. In the seasons, groundwater in the Great Lakes watershed increases by 60km3 (0.12m) each autumn and winter and decreases by roughly an equivalent amount each spring and summer. In the long term, groundwater volume remained constant from 2004 to 2012 but increased by 50km3 (0.10m) from 2013 to 2019. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Argus, Donald F Ratliff, Benjamin DeMets, Charles Borsa, Adrian A Wiese, David N Blewitt, Geoffrey Crowley, John W Martens, Hilary R Kreemer, Corné Landerer, Felix W |
author_facet |
Argus, Donald F Ratliff, Benjamin DeMets, Charles Borsa, Adrian A Wiese, David N Blewitt, Geoffrey Crowley, John W Martens, Hilary R Kreemer, Corné Landerer, Felix W |
author_sort |
Argus, Donald F |
title |
Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
title_short |
Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
title_full |
Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
title_fullStr |
Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
title_full_unstemmed |
Rise of Great Lakes Surface Water, Sinking of the Upper Midwest of the United States, and Viscous Collapse of the Forebulge of the Former Laurentide Ice Sheet |
title_sort |
rise of great lakes surface water, sinking of the upper midwest of the united states, and viscous collapse of the forebulge of the former laurentide ice sheet |
publisher |
eScholarship, University of California |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d96w7qg https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019739 |
genre |
Ice Sheet |
genre_facet |
Ice Sheet |
op_source |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol 125, iss 9 |
op_relation |
qt8d96w7qg https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d96w7qg doi:10.1029/2020jb019739 |
op_rights |
public |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019739 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |
container_volume |
125 |
container_issue |
9 |
_version_ |
1810449933376946176 |