Giant Virus Infection Signatures Are Modulated by Euphotic Zone Depth Strata and Iron Regimes of the Subantarctic Southern Ocean

• Main Authors: Gilbert, Naomi E, LeCleir, Gary R, Pound, Helena L, Strzepek, Robert F, Ellwood, Michael J, Twining, Benjamin S, Roux, Simon, Boyd, Philip W, Wilhelm, Steven W
• Other Authors: Makhalanyane, Thulani P
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: eScholarship, University of California 2023
• Subjects: Oceanography; Biological Sciences; Ecology; Microbiology; Earth Sciences; Infectious Diseases; Aetiology; 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment; Infection; Life Below Water; Humans; Giant Viruses; Iron; Oceans and Seas; Viruses; Water; Eukaryota; Virus Diseases; Monodnaviria; Nucleocytoviricota; Ribovaria; SOTS; iron availability; marine microbiology; metatranscriptomics; phytoplankton; virocells; Southern Ocean
• Online Access: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75b8w0jn

Viruses can alter the abundance, evolution, and metabolism of microorganisms in the ocean, playing a key role in water column biogeochemistry and global carbon cycles. Large efforts to measure the contribution of eukaryotic microorganisms (e.g., protists) to the marine food web have been made, yet the in situ activities of the ecologically relevant viruses that infect these organisms are not well characterized. Viruses within the phylum Nucleocytoviricota ("giant viruses") are known to infect a diverse range of ecologically relevant marine protists, yet how these viruses are influenced by environmental conditions remains under-characterized. By employing metatranscriptomic analyses of in situ microbial communities along a temporal and depth-resolved gradient, we describe the diversity of giant viruses at the Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS), a site within the subpolar Southern Ocean. Using a phylogeny-guided taxonomic assessment of detected giant virus genomes and metagenome-assembled genomes, we observed depth-dependent structuring of divergent giant virus families mirroring dynamic physicochemical gradients in the stratified euphotic zone. Analyses of transcribed metabolic genes from giant viruses suggest viral metabolic reprogramming of hosts from the surface to a 200-m depth. Lastly, using on-deck incubations reflecting a gradient of iron availability, we show that modulating iron regimes influences the activity of giant viruses in the field. Specifically, we show enhanced infection signatures of giant viruses under both iron-replete and iron-limited conditions. Collectively, these results expand our understanding of how the water column's vertical biogeography and chemical surroundings affect an important group of viruses within the Southern Ocean. IMPORTANCE The biology and ecology of marine microbial eukaryotes is known to be constrained by oceanic conditions. In contrast, how viruses that infect this important group of organisms respond to environmental change is less well known, despite viruses being ...