The role of maternal effects in host-parasite interactions: examination of the development of the immune defense in a colonial seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla).

• Main Author: Gasparini, Julien
• Other Authors: Ecologie comportementale (EC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Thierry Boulinier
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: French
• Published: HAL CCSD 2004
• Subjects: seabirds; ticks; individual quality; Lyme disease; Borrelia burgdorferi s.l; Ixodes uriae; ectoparasites; host-parasite interactions; induced response; immune defense; immunoglobulins; passive immunity; maternal effects; tiques; réponse induite; interactions hôte-parasite; qualité individuelle; maladie de Lyme; oiseaux de mer; immunité passive; défenses immunitaires; immunoglobulines; effets maternels; [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology; [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes; [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health; [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE]; [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology; environment/Symbiosis; [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology; environment/Health; [SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology; Black-legged Kittiwake; Mouette tridactyle; rissa tridactyla
• Online Access: https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/tel-01112987; https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/tel-01112987/document; https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/tel-01112987/file/thesev2.pdf

One of the main aims of evolutionary biology is to understand the mechanisms responsible for the phenotypic variation on which natural selection can act. Maternal effects occur when a mother's phenotype or her environment influence her offspring's phenotype. Despite the importance of such effects for the ecology of host-parasite interactions, their role has been relatively neglected to date. In this thesis, we examined how mothers influence the immune defense of their young in an environment that varies in space and time. This work has primarily focused on a colonial seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Using this model, we have first shown that specific maternal antibodies against parasites, commonly present in the environment (the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. vectored by the seabird tick Ixodes uriae) were transferred from mothers to chicks via the egg yolk. Analyses of observational data in the kittiwake-tick-Borrelia system and an experimental approach using vaccination protocol allowed us to confirm the existence of a maternal effect induced by parasitism and to investigate its potential adaptive properties (immunomodulator effects). Moreover, a study examining the influence of individual factors on this transfer underlined the importance of considering the immunological history of individual and their intrinsic quality in these processes. Finally, our work has stressed the influence of local environmental factors on the general development of immune defenses. Overall, this thesis underlines the importance of maternal effects and the maternal environment in the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions and, in turn, suggests a role for such process in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Un des principaux objectifs de la biologie évolutive est de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la variation phénotypique sur laquelle la sélection naturelle peut agir. On parle d'effets maternels quand le phénotype de la mère, et/ou l'environnement rencontré par celle-ci, ...