Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheri...
Published in: | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
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Language: | English |
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Online Access: | http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 |
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ftccsdartic:oai:HAL:in2p3-00706865v1 2023-05-15T18:22:46+02:00 Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. A. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, Mark D. Barwick, S. W. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. L. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. K. Becker, K.-H. Benabderrahmane, M. L. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Z. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. J. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, M. Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. F. D'Agostino, M. V. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. C. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)) Observatoire de Paris Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3) 2010-06 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 en eng HAL CCSD Elsevier info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/1002.2442 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 in2p3-00706865 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 ARXIV: 1002.2442 BIBCODE: 2010NIMPA.618.139A doi:10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 ISSN: 0168-9002 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Elsevier, 2010, 618, pp.139-152. ⟨10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102⟩ [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal articles 2010 ftccsdartic https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 2021-11-21T04:06:57Z Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. Article in Journal/Newspaper South pole Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) South Pole Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 618 1-3 139 152 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) |
op_collection_id |
ftccsdartic |
language |
English |
topic |
[SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] |
spellingShingle |
[SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. A. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, Mark D. Barwick, S. W. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. L. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. K. Becker, K.-H. Benabderrahmane, M. L. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Z. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. J. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, M. Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. F. D'Agostino, M. V. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. C. Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
topic_facet |
[SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE] [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] |
description |
Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. |
author2 |
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)) Observatoire de Paris Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. A. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, Mark D. Barwick, S. W. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. L. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. K. Becker, K.-H. Benabderrahmane, M. L. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Z. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. J. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, M. Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. F. D'Agostino, M. V. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. C. |
author_facet |
Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. A. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, Mark D. Barwick, S. W. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. L. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. K. Becker, K.-H. Benabderrahmane, M. L. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Z. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. J. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, M. Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. F. D'Agostino, M. V. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. C. |
author_sort |
Abbasi, R. |
title |
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
title_short |
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
title_full |
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
title_fullStr |
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
title_full_unstemmed |
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube |
title_sort |
calibration and characterization of the icecube photomultiplier tube |
publisher |
HAL CCSD |
publishDate |
2010 |
url |
http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 |
geographic |
South Pole |
geographic_facet |
South Pole |
genre |
South pole |
genre_facet |
South pole |
op_source |
ISSN: 0168-9002 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Elsevier, 2010, 618, pp.139-152. ⟨10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102⟩ |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/1002.2442 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 in2p3-00706865 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706865 ARXIV: 1002.2442 BIBCODE: 2010NIMPA.618.139A doi:10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMA.2010.03.102 |
container_title |
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
container_volume |
618 |
container_issue |
1-3 |
container_start_page |
139 |
op_container_end_page |
152 |
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1766202184227094528 |