Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations
International audience On 16 September 1987, the main chlorofluorocarbon-producing and -consuming countries signed the Montreal Protocol, despite the absence of a scientific consensus on the mechanisms of ozone depletion over Antarctica. We argue in this article that the rapid diffusion from late 19...
Published in: | The British Journal for the History of Science |
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ftccsdartic:oai:HAL:hal-04020959v1 2023-12-24T10:11:07+01:00 Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations Grevsmühl, Sebastian Briday, Régis Centre de Recherches Historiques (CRH) _ Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR 8558 CNRS / EHESS) (CRH (UMR 8558 CNRS / EHESS)) École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Histoire des technosciences en société (HT2S) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers CNAM (CNAM) HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM) 2023 https://hal.science/hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959/document https://hal.science/hal-04020959/file/Grevsmuhl_Briday_BJHS_visual_diplomacy_Accepted_manuscript_2023.pdf https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742300002X en eng HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP) info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1017/S000708742300002X hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959/document https://hal.science/hal-04020959/file/Grevsmuhl_Briday_BJHS_visual_diplomacy_Accepted_manuscript_2023.pdf doi:10.1017/S000708742300002X info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess ISSN: 0007-0874 EISSN: 1474-001X British Journal for the History of Science https://hal.science/hal-04020959 British Journal for the History of Science, 2023, Science, Technology and Visual Diplomacy, 56 (2), pp.247-267. ⟨10.1017/S000708742300002X⟩ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/satellite-images-as-tools-of-visual-diplomacy-nasas-ozone-hole-visualizations-and-the-montreal-protocol-negotiations/EA86D11886E97CBABCDFA42126184129 History 20th Century visual diplomacy ozone hole satellite images NASA Montreal Protocol negotiations Visual cultures [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal articles 2023 ftccsdartic https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742300002X 2023-11-25T23:44:25Z International audience On 16 September 1987, the main chlorofluorocarbon-producing and -consuming countries signed the Montreal Protocol, despite the absence of a scientific consensus on the mechanisms of ozone depletion over Antarctica. We argue in this article that the rapid diffusion from late 1985 onwards of satellite images showing the Antarctic ozone hole played a significant role in this diplomatic outcome. Whereas negotiators claimed that they chose to deliberately ignore the Antarctic ozone hole during the negotiations since no theory was able yet to explain it, the images still loomed large for many of the actors involved. In Western countries, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) satellite visualizations were diffused through the general press and television stations. Other popular and mass media outlets followed quickly. In describing the circulation and appropriation processes of these images within and beyond the scientific and negotiation arenas, we show that the ozone hole images did play an important part in ozone diplomacy in the two years leading up to the signing of the Montreal Protocol, both in the expert and diplomatic arenas and as public diplomacy tools. We conclude by encouraging scholars to engage with new visual archives and to contribute to the development of the vibrant new field of research on visual diplomacy. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) Antarctic The Antarctic The British Journal for the History of Science 1 21 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) |
op_collection_id |
ftccsdartic |
language |
English |
topic |
History 20th Century visual diplomacy ozone hole satellite images NASA Montreal Protocol negotiations Visual cultures [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History |
spellingShingle |
History 20th Century visual diplomacy ozone hole satellite images NASA Montreal Protocol negotiations Visual cultures [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History Grevsmühl, Sebastian Briday, Régis Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
topic_facet |
History 20th Century visual diplomacy ozone hole satellite images NASA Montreal Protocol negotiations Visual cultures [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History |
description |
International audience On 16 September 1987, the main chlorofluorocarbon-producing and -consuming countries signed the Montreal Protocol, despite the absence of a scientific consensus on the mechanisms of ozone depletion over Antarctica. We argue in this article that the rapid diffusion from late 1985 onwards of satellite images showing the Antarctic ozone hole played a significant role in this diplomatic outcome. Whereas negotiators claimed that they chose to deliberately ignore the Antarctic ozone hole during the negotiations since no theory was able yet to explain it, the images still loomed large for many of the actors involved. In Western countries, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) satellite visualizations were diffused through the general press and television stations. Other popular and mass media outlets followed quickly. In describing the circulation and appropriation processes of these images within and beyond the scientific and negotiation arenas, we show that the ozone hole images did play an important part in ozone diplomacy in the two years leading up to the signing of the Montreal Protocol, both in the expert and diplomatic arenas and as public diplomacy tools. We conclude by encouraging scholars to engage with new visual archives and to contribute to the development of the vibrant new field of research on visual diplomacy. |
author2 |
Centre de Recherches Historiques (CRH) _ Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR 8558 CNRS / EHESS) (CRH (UMR 8558 CNRS / EHESS)) École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Histoire des technosciences en société (HT2S) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers CNAM (CNAM) HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Grevsmühl, Sebastian Briday, Régis |
author_facet |
Grevsmühl, Sebastian Briday, Régis |
author_sort |
Grevsmühl, Sebastian |
title |
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
title_short |
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
title_full |
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
title_fullStr |
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations |
title_sort |
satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: nasa's ozone hole visualizations and the montreal protocol negotiations |
publisher |
HAL CCSD |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://hal.science/hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959/document https://hal.science/hal-04020959/file/Grevsmuhl_Briday_BJHS_visual_diplomacy_Accepted_manuscript_2023.pdf https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742300002X |
geographic |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica |
op_source |
ISSN: 0007-0874 EISSN: 1474-001X British Journal for the History of Science https://hal.science/hal-04020959 British Journal for the History of Science, 2023, Science, Technology and Visual Diplomacy, 56 (2), pp.247-267. ⟨10.1017/S000708742300002X⟩ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/satellite-images-as-tools-of-visual-diplomacy-nasas-ozone-hole-visualizations-and-the-montreal-protocol-negotiations/EA86D11886E97CBABCDFA42126184129 |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1017/S000708742300002X hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959 https://hal.science/hal-04020959/document https://hal.science/hal-04020959/file/Grevsmuhl_Briday_BJHS_visual_diplomacy_Accepted_manuscript_2023.pdf doi:10.1017/S000708742300002X |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742300002X |
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The British Journal for the History of Science |
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