A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialization and diversification in swallowtail butterflies

• Published in: Global Change Biology
• Main Authors: Gamboa, Sara, Condamine, Fabien, L, Cantalapiedra, Juan, L, Varela, Sara, Pelegrín, Jonathan, S, Menéndez, Iris, Blanco, Fernando, Hernández Fernández, Manuel
• Other Authors: Universidade de Vigo, Instituto de Geociencias Madrid (IGEO), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid Madrid (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas = Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement IRD : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Universidad santiago de cali, Universidad del Valle Cali (Univalle), Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2022
• Subjects: Papilionidae; bioclimatology; ecological specialization; macroecology; macroevolution; resource-use; speciation; MESH: Animals; MESH: Antarctic Regions; MESH: Biological Evolution; MESH: Butterflies; MESH: Ecosystem; MESH: Phylogeny; [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology; environment/Bioclimatology; [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology; Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctica; Tundra
• Online Access: https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03869949; https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03869949/document; https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03869949/file/Gamboa%20et%20al.%202022%20-%20GCB.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16344

International audience The resource-use hypothesis, proposed by E.S. Vrba, states that habitat fragmentation caused by climatic oscillations would affect particularly biome specialists (species inhabiting only one biome), which might show higher speciation and extinction rates than biome generalists. If true, lineages would accumulate biome-specialist species. This effect would be particularly exacerbated for biomes located at the periphery of the global climatic conditions, namely, biomes that have high/low precipitation and high/low temperature such as rainforest (warm-humid), desert (warm-dry), steppe (cold-dry) and tundra (cold-humid). Here, we test these hypotheses in swallowtail butterflies, a clade with more than 570 species, covering all the continents but Antarctica, and all climatic conditions. Swallowtail butterflies are among the most studied insects, and they are a model group for evolutionary biology and ecology studies. Continental macroecological rules are normally tested using vertebrates, this means that there are fewer examples exploring terrestrial invertebrate patterns at global scale. Here, we compiled a large Geographic Information System database on swallowtail butterflies' distribution maps and used the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny to quantify diversification rates (DRs). In this paper, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) Are there more biome-specialist swallowtail butterflies than biome generalists? (2) Is DR related to biome specialization? (3) If so, do swallowtail butterflies inhabiting extreme biomes show higher DRs? (4) What is the effect of species distribution area? Our results showed that swallowtail family presents a great number of biome specialists which showed substantially higher DRs compared to generalists. We also found that biome specialists are unevenly distributed across biomes. Overall, our results are consistent with the resource-use hypothesis, species climatic niche and biome fragmentation as key factors promoting isolation.