Free-ocean CO 2 enrichment (FOCE) systems: present status and future developments

• Published in: Biogeosciences
• Main Authors: Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Kirkwood, W, Barry, J.P, Cox, E, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hansson, L, Hendriks, I, Kline, D.I., Mahacek, P, Martin, Sophie, McElhany, P., Peltzer, E.T., Reeve, J, Roberts, D, Saderne, V, Tait, K, Widdicombe, S, Brewer, P.G.
• Other Authors: Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, Global Change Department (IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Ecogéochimie et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes Benthiques (EFEB), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff Roscoff (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff Roscoff (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conservation Biology Division Seattle, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of the environment, Channel Highway, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Benthic Ecology group (GEOMAR), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2014
• Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean; Atmosphere; [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry; Ocean acidification
• Online Access: https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01109557; https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01109557/document; https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01109557/file/Gattuso_2014_Free-ocean_CO2.pdf; https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4057-2014

International audience Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems are designed to assess the impact of ocean acidification on biological communities in situ for extended periods of time (weeks to months). They overcome some of the drawbacks of laboratory experiments and field observations by enabling (1) precise control of CO2 enrichment by monitoring pH as an offset of ambient pH, (2) consideration of indirect effects such as those mediated through interspecific relationships and food webs, and (3) relatively long experiments with intact communities. Bringing perturbation experiments from the laboratory to the field is, however, extremely challenging. The main goal of this paper is to provide guidelines on the general design, engineering, and sensor options required to conduct FOCE experiments. Another goal is to introduce xFOCE, a community-led initiative to promote awareness, provide resources for in situ perturbation experiments, and build a user community. Present and existing FOCE systems are briefly described and examples of data collected presented. Future developments are also addressed as it is anticipated that the next generation of FOCE systems will include, in addition to pH, options for oxygen and/or temperature control. FOCE systems should become an important experimental approach for projecting the future response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.