Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation
International audience The Walin water mass framework quantifies the rate at which water is transformed from one temperature class to another by air–sea heat fluxes (transformation). The divergence of the transformation rate yields the rate at which a given temperature range is created or destroyed...
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Online Access: | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 |
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ftccsdartic:oai:HAL:hal-00496043v1 2023-05-15T17:32:06+02:00 Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation Maze, Guillaume Forget, Gael Buckley, Martha Marshall, John Ivana, Cerovecki Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) University of California-University of California 2009-09 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 en eng HAL CCSD American Meteorological Society info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 hal-00496043 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 doi:10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 ISSN: 0022-3670 EISSN: 1520-0485 Journal of Physical Oceanography https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, 2009, 39 (8), pp.1818-1835. ⟨10.1175/2009JPO3985.1⟩ MASS FORMATION TURBULENT FLUXES OCEAN SURFACE MODEL VARIABILITY RATES [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal articles 2009 ftccsdartic https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 2021-10-17T01:58:29Z International audience The Walin water mass framework quantifies the rate at which water is transformed from one temperature class to another by air–sea heat fluxes (transformation). The divergence of the transformation rate yields the rate at which a given temperature range is created or destroyed by air–sea heat fluxes (formation). Walin's framework provides a precise integral statement at the expense of losing spatial information. In this study the integrand of Walin's expression to yield transformation and formation maps is plotted and used to study the role of air–sea heat fluxes in the cycle of formation–destruction of the 18° ± 1°C layer in the North Atlantic. Using remotely sensed sea surface temperatures and air–sea heat flux estimates based on both analyzed meteorological fields and ocean data–model syntheses for the 3-yr period from 2004 to 2006, the authors find that Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) is formed by air–sea heat fluxes in the western part of the subtropical gyre, just south of the Gulf Stream. The formation rate peaks in February when the EDW layer is thickened by convection owing to buoyancy loss. EDW is destroyed by air–sea heat fluxes from spring to summer over the entire subtropical gyre. In the annual mean there is net EDW formation in the west to the south of the Gulf Stream, and net destruction over the eastern part of the gyre. Results suggest that annual mean formation rates of EDW associated with air–sea fluxes are in the range from 3 to 5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Finally, error estimates are computed from sea surface temperature and heat flux data using an ensemble perturbation method. The transformation/formation patterns are found to be robust and errors mostly affect integral quantities. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 8 1818 1835 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) |
op_collection_id |
ftccsdartic |
language |
English |
topic |
MASS FORMATION TURBULENT FLUXES OCEAN SURFACE MODEL VARIABILITY RATES [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography |
spellingShingle |
MASS FORMATION TURBULENT FLUXES OCEAN SURFACE MODEL VARIABILITY RATES [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography Maze, Guillaume Forget, Gael Buckley, Martha Marshall, John Ivana, Cerovecki Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
topic_facet |
MASS FORMATION TURBULENT FLUXES OCEAN SURFACE MODEL VARIABILITY RATES [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography |
description |
International audience The Walin water mass framework quantifies the rate at which water is transformed from one temperature class to another by air–sea heat fluxes (transformation). The divergence of the transformation rate yields the rate at which a given temperature range is created or destroyed by air–sea heat fluxes (formation). Walin's framework provides a precise integral statement at the expense of losing spatial information. In this study the integrand of Walin's expression to yield transformation and formation maps is plotted and used to study the role of air–sea heat fluxes in the cycle of formation–destruction of the 18° ± 1°C layer in the North Atlantic. Using remotely sensed sea surface temperatures and air–sea heat flux estimates based on both analyzed meteorological fields and ocean data–model syntheses for the 3-yr period from 2004 to 2006, the authors find that Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) is formed by air–sea heat fluxes in the western part of the subtropical gyre, just south of the Gulf Stream. The formation rate peaks in February when the EDW layer is thickened by convection owing to buoyancy loss. EDW is destroyed by air–sea heat fluxes from spring to summer over the entire subtropical gyre. In the annual mean there is net EDW formation in the west to the south of the Gulf Stream, and net destruction over the eastern part of the gyre. Results suggest that annual mean formation rates of EDW associated with air–sea fluxes are in the range from 3 to 5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Finally, error estimates are computed from sea surface temperature and heat flux data using an ensemble perturbation method. The transformation/formation patterns are found to be robust and errors mostly affect integral quantities. |
author2 |
Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) University of California-University of California |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Maze, Guillaume Forget, Gael Buckley, Martha Marshall, John Ivana, Cerovecki |
author_facet |
Maze, Guillaume Forget, Gael Buckley, Martha Marshall, John Ivana, Cerovecki |
author_sort |
Maze, Guillaume |
title |
Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
title_short |
Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
title_full |
Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
title_fullStr |
Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Using Transformation and Formation Maps to Study the Role of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water Formation |
title_sort |
using transformation and formation maps to study the role of air–sea heat fluxes in north atlantic eighteen degree water formation |
publisher |
HAL CCSD |
publishDate |
2009 |
url |
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
ISSN: 0022-3670 EISSN: 1520-0485 Journal of Physical Oceanography https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, 2009, 39 (8), pp.1818-1835. ⟨10.1175/2009JPO3985.1⟩ |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 hal-00496043 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496043 doi:10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3985.1 |
container_title |
Journal of Physical Oceanography |
container_volume |
39 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
1818 |
op_container_end_page |
1835 |
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1766130045222387712 |