Short- and medium-term atmospheric constituent effects of very large solar proton events

• Main Authors: Jackman, C. H., Marsh, D. R., Vitt, F. M., Garcia, R. R., Fleming, E. L., Labow, G. J., Randall, C. E., López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., Von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G. P.
• Other Authors: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder (NCAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid (CSIC), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2008
• Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean; Atmosphere; polar night
• Online Access: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296446; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296446/document; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296446/file/acp-8-765-2008.pdf

International audience Solar eruptions sometimes produce protons, which impact the Earth's atmosphere. These solar proton events (SPEs) generally last a few days and produce high energy particles that precipitate into the Earth's atmosphere. The protons cause ionization and dissociation processes that ultimately lead to an enhancement of odd-hydrogen and odd-nitrogen in the polar cap regions (>60° geomagnetic latitude). We have used the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM3) to study the atmospheric impact of SPEs over the period 1963?2005. The very largest SPEs were found to be the most important and caused atmospheric effects that lasted several months after the events. We present the short- and medium-term (days to a few months) atmospheric influence of the four largest SPEs in the past 45 years (August 1972; October 1989; July 2000; and October?November 2003) as computed by WACCM3 and observed by satellite instruments. Polar mesospheric NO x (NO+NO 2 ) increased by over 50 ppbv and mesospheric ozone decreased by over 30% during these very large SPEs. Changes in HNO 3 , N 2 O 5 , ClONO 2 , HOCl, and ClO were indirectly caused by the very large SPEs in October?November 2003, were simulated by WACCM3, and previously measured by Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). WACCM3 output was also represented by sampling with the MIPAS averaging kernel for a more valid comparison. Although qualitatively similar, there are discrepancies between the model and measurement with WACCM3 predicted HNO 3 and ClONO 2 enhancements being smaller than measured and N 2 O 5 enhancements being larger than measured. The HOCl enhancements were fairly similar in amounts and temporal variation in WACCM3 and MIPAS. WACCM3 simulated ClO decreases below 50 km, whereas MIPAS mainly observed increases, a very perplexing difference. Upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric NO x increased by over 10 ppbv and was transported during polar night down to the middle stratosphere in several weeks ...