Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity
Most controlled toxicity studies use single chemical exposures that do not represent the real world situation of complex mixtures of known and unknown natural and anthropogenic substances. In the present study, complex contaminant cocktails derived from the blubber of polar bears (PB; Ursus maritimu...
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ftcarletonunivir:oai:carleton.ca:15716 2023-05-15T17:03:38+02:00 Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity Desforges, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre) Levin, M. (Milton) Jasperse, L. (Lindsay) De Guise, S. (Sylvain) Eulaers, I. (Igor) Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.) Acquarone, M. (Mario) Nordøy, E. (Erling) Folkow, L.P. (Lars P.) Hammer Jensen, T. (Trine) Grøndahl, C. (Carsten) Bertelsen, M.F. (Mads F.) St Leger, J. (Judy) Almunia, J. (Javier) Sonne, C. (Christian) Dietz, R. (Rune) 2017-10-03 https://ir.library.carleton.ca/pub/15716 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 en eng https://ir.library.carleton.ca/pub/15716 doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 Environmental Science and Technology vol. 51 no. 19, pp. 11431-11439 info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2017 ftcarletonunivir https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 2022-02-06T21:50:13Z Most controlled toxicity studies use single chemical exposures that do not represent the real world situation of complex mixtures of known and unknown natural and anthropogenic substances. In the present study, complex contaminant cocktails derived from the blubber of polar bears (PB; Ursus maritimus) and killer whales (KW; Orcinus orca) were used for in vitro concentration-response experiments with PB, cetacean and seal spp. immune cells to evaluate the effect of realistic contaminant mixtures on various immune functions. Cytotoxic effects of the PB cocktail occurred at lower concentrations than the KW cocktail (1 vs 16 μg/mL), likely due to differences in contaminant profiles in the mixtures derived from the adipose of each species. Similarly, significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation occurred at much lower exposures in the PB cocktail (EC50: 0.94 vs 6.06 μg/mL; P < 0.01), whereas the KW cocktail caused a much faster decline in proliferation (slope: 2.9 vs 1.7; P = 0.04). Only the KW cocktail modulated natural killer (NK) cell activity and neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis in a concentration- and species-dependent manner. No clear sensitivity differences emerged when comparing cetaceans, seals and PB. Our results showing lower effect levels for complex mixtures relative to single compounds suggest that previous risk assessments underestimate the effects of real world contaminant exposure on immunity. Our results using blubber-derived contaminant cocktails add realism to in vitro exposure experiments and confirm the immunotoxic risk marine mammals face from exposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants. Article in Journal/Newspaper Killer Whale Orca Orcinus orca Ursus maritimus Killer whale Carleton University's Institutional Repository Environmental Science & Technology 51 19 11431 11439 |
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Open Polar |
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Carleton University's Institutional Repository |
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ftcarletonunivir |
language |
English |
description |
Most controlled toxicity studies use single chemical exposures that do not represent the real world situation of complex mixtures of known and unknown natural and anthropogenic substances. In the present study, complex contaminant cocktails derived from the blubber of polar bears (PB; Ursus maritimus) and killer whales (KW; Orcinus orca) were used for in vitro concentration-response experiments with PB, cetacean and seal spp. immune cells to evaluate the effect of realistic contaminant mixtures on various immune functions. Cytotoxic effects of the PB cocktail occurred at lower concentrations than the KW cocktail (1 vs 16 μg/mL), likely due to differences in contaminant profiles in the mixtures derived from the adipose of each species. Similarly, significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation occurred at much lower exposures in the PB cocktail (EC50: 0.94 vs 6.06 μg/mL; P < 0.01), whereas the KW cocktail caused a much faster decline in proliferation (slope: 2.9 vs 1.7; P = 0.04). Only the KW cocktail modulated natural killer (NK) cell activity and neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis in a concentration- and species-dependent manner. No clear sensitivity differences emerged when comparing cetaceans, seals and PB. Our results showing lower effect levels for complex mixtures relative to single compounds suggest that previous risk assessments underestimate the effects of real world contaminant exposure on immunity. Our results using blubber-derived contaminant cocktails add realism to in vitro exposure experiments and confirm the immunotoxic risk marine mammals face from exposure to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Desforges, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre) Levin, M. (Milton) Jasperse, L. (Lindsay) De Guise, S. (Sylvain) Eulaers, I. (Igor) Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.) Acquarone, M. (Mario) Nordøy, E. (Erling) Folkow, L.P. (Lars P.) Hammer Jensen, T. (Trine) Grøndahl, C. (Carsten) Bertelsen, M.F. (Mads F.) St Leger, J. (Judy) Almunia, J. (Javier) Sonne, C. (Christian) Dietz, R. (Rune) |
spellingShingle |
Desforges, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre) Levin, M. (Milton) Jasperse, L. (Lindsay) De Guise, S. (Sylvain) Eulaers, I. (Igor) Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.) Acquarone, M. (Mario) Nordøy, E. (Erling) Folkow, L.P. (Lars P.) Hammer Jensen, T. (Trine) Grøndahl, C. (Carsten) Bertelsen, M.F. (Mads F.) St Leger, J. (Judy) Almunia, J. (Javier) Sonne, C. (Christian) Dietz, R. (Rune) Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
author_facet |
Desforges, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre) Levin, M. (Milton) Jasperse, L. (Lindsay) De Guise, S. (Sylvain) Eulaers, I. (Igor) Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.) Acquarone, M. (Mario) Nordøy, E. (Erling) Folkow, L.P. (Lars P.) Hammer Jensen, T. (Trine) Grøndahl, C. (Carsten) Bertelsen, M.F. (Mads F.) St Leger, J. (Judy) Almunia, J. (Javier) Sonne, C. (Christian) Dietz, R. (Rune) |
author_sort |
Desforges, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre) |
title |
Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
title_short |
Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
title_full |
Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
title_fullStr |
Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity |
title_sort |
effects of polar bear and killer whale derived contaminant cocktails on marine mammal immunity |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://ir.library.carleton.ca/pub/15716 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 |
genre |
Killer Whale Orca Orcinus orca Ursus maritimus Killer whale |
genre_facet |
Killer Whale Orca Orcinus orca Ursus maritimus Killer whale |
op_source |
Environmental Science and Technology vol. 51 no. 19, pp. 11431-11439 |
op_relation |
https://ir.library.carleton.ca/pub/15716 doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03532 |
container_title |
Environmental Science & Technology |
container_volume |
51 |
container_issue |
19 |
container_start_page |
11431 |
op_container_end_page |
11439 |
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1766057534380048384 |