Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves
ContextUngulate prey can use increased vigilance to reduce their risk of predation, but little is known of the combined and interactive risk effects from humans and wolves in determining ungulate behaviour across time and space. Understanding the interplay between these risk effects is increasingly...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 |
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ftbioone:10.1071/WR20059 2024-06-02T08:05:06+00:00 Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper world 2020-11-11 text/HTML https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 en eng CSIRO Publishing doi:10.1071/WR20059 All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 Text 2020 ftbioone https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 2024-05-07T00:50:12Z ContextUngulate prey can use increased vigilance to reduce their risk of predation, but little is known of the combined and interactive risk effects from humans and wolves in determining ungulate behaviour across time and space. Understanding the interplay between these risk effects is increasingly important, considering the recolonisation of several large carnivores to more human-dominated landscapes in Europe.AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the vigilance behaviour expressed by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to both humans and wolves in the Polish Białowieża Forest.MethodsUsing a camera-trap transect, the effect of distance to human settlements, hunting season, patterns of space use by wolves (Canis lupus), canopy openness, canopy height, time of day, as well as sex/age of individuals, on the vigilance behaviour observed in red deer was studied using a model-selection approach.Key resultsWe did not find a clear effect of patterns of space use by wolves or distance to human settlements on red deer vigilance behaviour at the landscape scale. However, red deer showed increased vigilance during the hunting season and during the day outside of protected areas and reserves, because disturbance from human hunters is highest. Conversely, we also found that red deer were more vigilant at night within more protected areas, which is likely to be explained by the increased activity of wolves because human activity is strictly limited.ConclusionsOur study showed that vigilance behaviour of red deer in Białowieża Primeval Forest is more driven by human hunting than by the frequency of wolf presence at a landscape scale. This could be explained by the higher temporal and spatial predictability of human hunting activities than wolf risk. We found that patterns of wolf space use, as opposed to the omnipresent fear effects from humans, had only localised effects by increasing vigilance levels during night hours in non-hunting areas of the forest. The reverse was observed outside of protected reserves. ... Text Canis lupus BioOne Online Journals Wildlife Research 48 2 163 |
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English |
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ContextUngulate prey can use increased vigilance to reduce their risk of predation, but little is known of the combined and interactive risk effects from humans and wolves in determining ungulate behaviour across time and space. Understanding the interplay between these risk effects is increasingly important, considering the recolonisation of several large carnivores to more human-dominated landscapes in Europe.AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the vigilance behaviour expressed by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to both humans and wolves in the Polish Białowieża Forest.MethodsUsing a camera-trap transect, the effect of distance to human settlements, hunting season, patterns of space use by wolves (Canis lupus), canopy openness, canopy height, time of day, as well as sex/age of individuals, on the vigilance behaviour observed in red deer was studied using a model-selection approach.Key resultsWe did not find a clear effect of patterns of space use by wolves or distance to human settlements on red deer vigilance behaviour at the landscape scale. However, red deer showed increased vigilance during the hunting season and during the day outside of protected areas and reserves, because disturbance from human hunters is highest. Conversely, we also found that red deer were more vigilant at night within more protected areas, which is likely to be explained by the increased activity of wolves because human activity is strictly limited.ConclusionsOur study showed that vigilance behaviour of red deer in Białowieża Primeval Forest is more driven by human hunting than by the frequency of wolf presence at a landscape scale. This could be explained by the higher temporal and spatial predictability of human hunting activities than wolf risk. We found that patterns of wolf space use, as opposed to the omnipresent fear effects from humans, had only localised effects by increasing vigilance levels during night hours in non-hunting areas of the forest. The reverse was observed outside of protected reserves. ... |
author2 |
Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper |
format |
Text |
author |
Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper |
spellingShingle |
Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
author_facet |
Nathan J. Proudman Marcin Churski Jakub W. Bubnicki Jan-Åke Nilsson Dries P. J. Kuijper |
author_sort |
Nathan J. Proudman |
title |
Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
title_short |
Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
title_full |
Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
title_fullStr |
Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
title_full_unstemmed |
Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
title_sort |
red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves |
publisher |
CSIRO Publishing |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 |
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world |
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Canis lupus |
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Canis lupus |
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https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 |
op_relation |
doi:10.1071/WR20059 |
op_rights |
All rights reserved. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20059 |
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Wildlife Research |
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48 |
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2 |
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163 |
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