Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually in...
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Online Access: | https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/52547/ https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.8f169a1b-5b5c-4801-ac05-cd599d0b974b |
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ftawi:oai:epic.awi.de:52547 2023-05-15T15:10:49+02:00 Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder 2020 https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/52547/ https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.8f169a1b-5b5c-4801-ac05-cd599d0b974b unknown NATL ACAD SCIENCES McConnell, J. R. , Sigl, M. , Plunkett, G. , Burke, A. , Kim, W. M. , Raible, C. C. , Wilson, A. I. , Manning, J. G. , Ludlow, F. , Chellman, N. J. , Innes, H. M. , Yang, Z. , Larsen, J. F. , Schaefer, J. R. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Mojtabavi, S. orcid:0000-0001-5519-2992 , Wilhelms, F. orcid:0000-0001-7688-3135 , Opel, T. orcid:0000-0003-1315-8256 , Meyer, H. orcid:0000-0003-4129-4706 and Steffensen, J. P. (2020) Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117 (27), pp. 15443-15449 . doi:10.1073/pnas.2002722117 <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117> , hdl:10013/epic.8f169a1b-5b5c-4801-ac05-cd599d0b974b EPIC3Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, NATL ACAD SCIENCES, 117(27), pp. 15443-15449, ISSN: 0027-8424 Article isiRev 2020 ftawi https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 2021-12-24T15:45:44Z The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Alaska Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI): ePIC (electronic Publication Information Center) Arctic Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 27 15443 15449 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI): ePIC (electronic Publication Information Center) |
op_collection_id |
ftawi |
language |
unknown |
description |
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
spellingShingle |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
author_facet |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
author_sort |
McConnell, Joseph R. |
title |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_short |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_fullStr |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full_unstemmed |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_sort |
extreme climate after massive eruption of alaska’s okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom |
publisher |
NATL ACAD SCIENCES |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/52547/ https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.8f169a1b-5b5c-4801-ac05-cd599d0b974b |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic Alaska |
op_source |
EPIC3Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, NATL ACAD SCIENCES, 117(27), pp. 15443-15449, ISSN: 0027-8424 |
op_relation |
McConnell, J. R. , Sigl, M. , Plunkett, G. , Burke, A. , Kim, W. M. , Raible, C. C. , Wilson, A. I. , Manning, J. G. , Ludlow, F. , Chellman, N. J. , Innes, H. M. , Yang, Z. , Larsen, J. F. , Schaefer, J. R. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Mojtabavi, S. orcid:0000-0001-5519-2992 , Wilhelms, F. orcid:0000-0001-7688-3135 , Opel, T. orcid:0000-0003-1315-8256 , Meyer, H. orcid:0000-0003-4129-4706 and Steffensen, J. P. (2020) Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117 (27), pp. 15443-15449 . doi:10.1073/pnas.2002722117 <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117> , hdl:10013/epic.8f169a1b-5b5c-4801-ac05-cd599d0b974b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
117 |
container_issue |
27 |
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15443 |
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