Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships
Mesopelagic sound scattering layers (SSL) are ubiquitous in all oceans. Pelagic organisms within the SSL play important roles as prey for higher trophic levels and in climate regulation through the biological carbon pump. Yet, the biomass and species composition of SSL in the Arctic Ocean remain poo...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Frontiers Media SA
2019
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Online Access: | https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/ https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/1/2019-Geoffroy-etal-fmars-06-00364.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.e1b2247b-fc39-438f-bb46-ad9737412e57 |
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ftawi:oai:epic.awi.de:50020 2024-09-15T17:51:40+00:00 Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships Geoffroy, Maxime Daase, Malin Cusa, Marine Darnis, Gérald Graeve, Martin Santana Hernández, Néstor Berge, Jørgen Renaud, Paul E. Cottier, Finlo Falk-Petersen, Stig 2019-07-19 application/pdf https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/ https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/1/2019-Geoffroy-etal-fmars-06-00364.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.e1b2247b-fc39-438f-bb46-ad9737412e57 unknown Frontiers Media SA https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/1/2019-Geoffroy-etal-fmars-06-00364.pdf Geoffroy, M. , Daase, M. , Cusa, M. , Darnis, G. , Graeve, M. orcid:0000-0002-2294-1915 , Santana Hernández, N. , Berge, J. , Renaud, P. E. , Cottier, F. and Falk-Petersen, S. (2019) Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships , Frontiers in Marine Science, 6 , pp. 1-18 . doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364> , hdl:10013/epic.e1b2247b-fc39-438f-bb46-ad9737412e57 EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, 6, pp. 1-18, ISSN: 2296-7745 Article isiRev 2019 ftawi https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 2024-06-24T04:22:11Z Mesopelagic sound scattering layers (SSL) are ubiquitous in all oceans. Pelagic organisms within the SSL play important roles as prey for higher trophic levels and in climate regulation through the biological carbon pump. Yet, the biomass and species composition of SSL in the Arctic Ocean remain poorly documented, particularly in winter. A multifrequency echosounder detected a SSL north of Svalbard, from 79.8 to 81.4°N, in January 2016, August 2016, and January 2017. Midwater trawl sampling confirmed that the SSL comprised zooplankton and pelagic fish of boreal and Arctic origins. Arctic cod dominated the fish assemblage in August and juvenile beaked redfish in January. The macrozooplankton community mainly comprised the medusa Cyanea capillata, the amphipod Themisto libellula, and the euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica in August and Thysanoessa inermis in January. The SSL was located in the Atlantic Water mass, between 200–700 m in August and between 50–500 m in January. In January, the SSL was shallower and weaker above the deeper basin, where less Atlantic Water penetrated. The energy content available in the form of lipids within the SSL was significantly higher in summer than winter. The biomass within the SSL was >12-fold higher in summer, and the diversity of fish was slightly higher than in winter (12 vs. 9 species). We suggest that these differences are mainly related to life history and ontogenetic changes resulting in a descent toward the seafloor, outside the mesopelagic layer, in winter. In addition, some fish species of boreal origin, such as the spotted barracudina, did not seem to survive the polar night when advected from the Atlantic into the Arctic. Others, mainly juvenile beaked redfish, were abundant in both summer and winter, implying that the species can survive the polar night and possibly extend its range into the high Arctic. Fatty-acid trophic markers revealed that Arctic cod mainly fed on calanoid copepods while juvenile beaked redfish targeted krill (Thysanoessa spp.). The ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic cod Arctic Ocean Meganyctiphanes norvegica polar night Svalbard Themisto Themisto libellula Zooplankton Copepods Thysanoessa inermis Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI): ePIC (electronic Publication Information Center) Frontiers in Marine Science 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI): ePIC (electronic Publication Information Center) |
op_collection_id |
ftawi |
language |
unknown |
description |
Mesopelagic sound scattering layers (SSL) are ubiquitous in all oceans. Pelagic organisms within the SSL play important roles as prey for higher trophic levels and in climate regulation through the biological carbon pump. Yet, the biomass and species composition of SSL in the Arctic Ocean remain poorly documented, particularly in winter. A multifrequency echosounder detected a SSL north of Svalbard, from 79.8 to 81.4°N, in January 2016, August 2016, and January 2017. Midwater trawl sampling confirmed that the SSL comprised zooplankton and pelagic fish of boreal and Arctic origins. Arctic cod dominated the fish assemblage in August and juvenile beaked redfish in January. The macrozooplankton community mainly comprised the medusa Cyanea capillata, the amphipod Themisto libellula, and the euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica in August and Thysanoessa inermis in January. The SSL was located in the Atlantic Water mass, between 200–700 m in August and between 50–500 m in January. In January, the SSL was shallower and weaker above the deeper basin, where less Atlantic Water penetrated. The energy content available in the form of lipids within the SSL was significantly higher in summer than winter. The biomass within the SSL was >12-fold higher in summer, and the diversity of fish was slightly higher than in winter (12 vs. 9 species). We suggest that these differences are mainly related to life history and ontogenetic changes resulting in a descent toward the seafloor, outside the mesopelagic layer, in winter. In addition, some fish species of boreal origin, such as the spotted barracudina, did not seem to survive the polar night when advected from the Atlantic into the Arctic. Others, mainly juvenile beaked redfish, were abundant in both summer and winter, implying that the species can survive the polar night and possibly extend its range into the high Arctic. Fatty-acid trophic markers revealed that Arctic cod mainly fed on calanoid copepods while juvenile beaked redfish targeted krill (Thysanoessa spp.). The ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Geoffroy, Maxime Daase, Malin Cusa, Marine Darnis, Gérald Graeve, Martin Santana Hernández, Néstor Berge, Jørgen Renaud, Paul E. Cottier, Finlo Falk-Petersen, Stig |
spellingShingle |
Geoffroy, Maxime Daase, Malin Cusa, Marine Darnis, Gérald Graeve, Martin Santana Hernández, Néstor Berge, Jørgen Renaud, Paul E. Cottier, Finlo Falk-Petersen, Stig Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
author_facet |
Geoffroy, Maxime Daase, Malin Cusa, Marine Darnis, Gérald Graeve, Martin Santana Hernández, Néstor Berge, Jørgen Renaud, Paul E. Cottier, Finlo Falk-Petersen, Stig |
author_sort |
Geoffroy, Maxime |
title |
Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
title_short |
Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
title_full |
Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
title_fullStr |
Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
title_full_unstemmed |
Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships |
title_sort |
mesopelagic sound scattering layers of the high arctic: seasonal variations in biomass, species assemblage, and trophic relationships |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/ https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/1/2019-Geoffroy-etal-fmars-06-00364.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.e1b2247b-fc39-438f-bb46-ad9737412e57 |
genre |
Arctic Arctic cod Arctic Ocean Meganyctiphanes norvegica polar night Svalbard Themisto Themisto libellula Zooplankton Copepods Thysanoessa inermis |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic cod Arctic Ocean Meganyctiphanes norvegica polar night Svalbard Themisto Themisto libellula Zooplankton Copepods Thysanoessa inermis |
op_source |
EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, 6, pp. 1-18, ISSN: 2296-7745 |
op_relation |
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50020/1/2019-Geoffroy-etal-fmars-06-00364.pdf Geoffroy, M. , Daase, M. , Cusa, M. , Darnis, G. , Graeve, M. orcid:0000-0002-2294-1915 , Santana Hernández, N. , Berge, J. , Renaud, P. E. , Cottier, F. and Falk-Petersen, S. (2019) Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships , Frontiers in Marine Science, 6 , pp. 1-18 . doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364> , hdl:10013/epic.e1b2247b-fc39-438f-bb46-ad9737412e57 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00364 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
6 |
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1810293633553793024 |