Pyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), Urine excreted from the common grey wolf (Canis lupus) contains a kairomone, inducing fear-related behaviors in various mammals. Numerous fear-inducing substances activ...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2017
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://amcor.asahikawa-med.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?id=28920093 https://amcor.asahikawa-med.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/download.php?id=28920093 |
| Summary: | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), Urine excreted from the common grey wolf (Canis lupus) contains a kairomone, inducing fear-related behaviors in various mammals. Numerous fear-inducing substances activate neurons at the main and/or accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus. Our previous study showed that the mixture of pyrazine analogues (P-mix) contained in wolf urine induced avoidance and fear-related behaviors in laboratory mice and Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis), a species native to Japan. Exposure to wolf urine or P-mix induced expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal excitation, in the AOB of mice. In the present study, we explored the effects of P-mix on fear-related behaviors and Fos-expression in rats. Exposure to P-mix induced avoidance and immobilization in rats, while that to a mixture of i-amyl acetate, linalool and R(+)-limonene (O-mix), which generate floral and fruity odors, induced avoidance but not immobilization. P-mix but not O-mix increased Fos-immunoreactivity of the AOB, medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus of rats. The present results suggest that P-mix odor induces unlearned fear-related behaviors in rats. |
|---|