State of the Climate in 2017
In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the m...
Published in: | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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Amer Meteorological Soc
2018
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Online Access: | https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/ |
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Archimer (Archive Institutionnelle de l'Ifremer - Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer) |
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English |
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In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982–present). According to paleoclimate studies, today’s abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981–2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0–700- m and 0–2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h−1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region’s driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991. |
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Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Hartfield, G. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bhatt, U. S. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze, John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Miralles, Diego G. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Abernethy, R. Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina Aldeco, Laura S. Aliaga-nestares, Vannia Anderson, John Armitage, C. Avalos, Grinia Behe, Carolina Bellouin, Nicolas Bernhard, G. H. Blenkinsop, Stephen Bolmgren, K. Bouchon, Marilu Campbell, Ethan C. Castro, Anabel Costanza, Carol Covey, Curt Coy, Lawrence Cronin, T. Cruzado, Luis Daniel, Raychelle Davletshin, S. G. De La Cour, Jacqueline L. Deline, P. Dewitte, Boris Dhurmea, R. Dickerson, C. Domingues, Ricardo Durre, Imke Eakin, C. Mark Farmer, J. Fauchald, P. Geiger, Erick F. Gomez, Andrea M. Gugliemin, Mario Hansen, K. Helfrich, S. Hemming, D. L. Heron, Scott F. Heuze, C. Horstkotte, T. Hubert, Daan Hueuze, Celine Ibrahim, M. M. Isaac, Victor Jacobs, Stephanie J. Jeffries, Martin O. Karakoylu, Erdem M. Khan, M. S. Ladd, C. Lavado-casimiro, Waldo Lee, S. -e Lee, T. C. Li, Bailing Li, Tim Lopez, Luis A. Luthcke, S. Marcellin, Vernie Marin, Dora Marsh, Benjamin L. Martin, A Martinez, Alejandra G. Martinez-sanchez, Odalys Meijers, Andrew J. S. Miller, Ben Moat, Ben Mochizuki, Y. Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi Mostafa, Awatif E. Nielsen-gammon, John W. Noll, Ben E. Osborne, Emily Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion Paulik, Christoph Peltier, Alexandre Pinzon, J. Po-chedley, S. Polashenski, C. Purkey, Sarah G. Quispe, Nelson Rakotoarimalala, C. Richardson, A. D. Ricker, R Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto Rosner, Benjamin Roth, David Mark Rutishauser, T. Sasgen, L. Sayad, T. A. Scanlon, T. Schenzinger, Verena Silow, Eugene Skirving, William J. Sofieva, Viktoria Sparks, T. H. Spillane, Sandra Stanitski, Diane M. Stengel, M. Stephenson, Kimberly Strong, Alan E. Sutton, Adrienne J. Takahashi, Kenneth S. Thackeray, S. J. Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T. Timbal, Bertrand Timofeyev, Maxim A. Tirak, Kyle, V Togawa, H. Tommervik, H. Tourpali, Kleareti Trinanes, Joaquin A. Tucker, C. J. Tye, Mari R. Van Der A, Ronald J. Velden, Christopher S. Vickers, H. Webster, M. Westberry, Toby K. Widlansky, Matthew J. Wood, K. Yoon, Huang York, A. Zhu, Zhiwei Ziel, R. Ziese, Markus G. |
spellingShingle |
Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Hartfield, G. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bhatt, U. S. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze, John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Miralles, Diego G. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Abernethy, R. Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina Aldeco, Laura S. Aliaga-nestares, Vannia Anderson, John Armitage, C. Avalos, Grinia Behe, Carolina Bellouin, Nicolas Bernhard, G. H. Blenkinsop, Stephen Bolmgren, K. Bouchon, Marilu Campbell, Ethan C. Castro, Anabel Costanza, Carol Covey, Curt Coy, Lawrence Cronin, T. Cruzado, Luis Daniel, Raychelle Davletshin, S. G. De La Cour, Jacqueline L. Deline, P. Dewitte, Boris Dhurmea, R. Dickerson, C. Domingues, Ricardo Durre, Imke Eakin, C. Mark Farmer, J. Fauchald, P. Geiger, Erick F. Gomez, Andrea M. Gugliemin, Mario Hansen, K. Helfrich, S. Hemming, D. L. Heron, Scott F. Heuze, C. Horstkotte, T. Hubert, Daan Hueuze, Celine Ibrahim, M. M. Isaac, Victor Jacobs, Stephanie J. Jeffries, Martin O. Karakoylu, Erdem M. Khan, M. S. Ladd, C. Lavado-casimiro, Waldo Lee, S. -e Lee, T. C. Li, Bailing Li, Tim Lopez, Luis A. Luthcke, S. Marcellin, Vernie Marin, Dora Marsh, Benjamin L. Martin, A Martinez, Alejandra G. Martinez-sanchez, Odalys Meijers, Andrew J. S. Miller, Ben Moat, Ben Mochizuki, Y. Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi Mostafa, Awatif E. Nielsen-gammon, John W. Noll, Ben E. Osborne, Emily Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion Paulik, Christoph Peltier, Alexandre Pinzon, J. Po-chedley, S. Polashenski, C. Purkey, Sarah G. Quispe, Nelson Rakotoarimalala, C. Richardson, A. D. Ricker, R Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto Rosner, Benjamin Roth, David Mark Rutishauser, T. Sasgen, L. Sayad, T. A. Scanlon, T. Schenzinger, Verena Silow, Eugene Skirving, William J. Sofieva, Viktoria Sparks, T. H. Spillane, Sandra Stanitski, Diane M. Stengel, M. Stephenson, Kimberly Strong, Alan E. Sutton, Adrienne J. Takahashi, Kenneth S. Thackeray, S. J. Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T. Timbal, Bertrand Timofeyev, Maxim A. Tirak, Kyle, V Togawa, H. Tommervik, H. Tourpali, Kleareti Trinanes, Joaquin A. Tucker, C. J. Tye, Mari R. Van Der A, Ronald J. Velden, Christopher S. Vickers, H. Webster, M. Westberry, Toby K. Widlansky, Matthew J. Wood, K. Yoon, Huang York, A. Zhu, Zhiwei Ziel, R. Ziese, Markus G. State of the Climate in 2017 |
author_facet |
Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Hartfield, G. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bhatt, U. S. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze, John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Miralles, Diego G. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Abernethy, R. Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina Aldeco, Laura S. Aliaga-nestares, Vannia Anderson, John Armitage, C. Avalos, Grinia Behe, Carolina Bellouin, Nicolas Bernhard, G. H. Blenkinsop, Stephen Bolmgren, K. Bouchon, Marilu Campbell, Ethan C. Castro, Anabel Costanza, Carol Covey, Curt Coy, Lawrence Cronin, T. Cruzado, Luis Daniel, Raychelle Davletshin, S. G. De La Cour, Jacqueline L. Deline, P. Dewitte, Boris Dhurmea, R. Dickerson, C. Domingues, Ricardo Durre, Imke Eakin, C. Mark Farmer, J. Fauchald, P. Geiger, Erick F. Gomez, Andrea M. Gugliemin, Mario Hansen, K. Helfrich, S. Hemming, D. L. Heron, Scott F. Heuze, C. Horstkotte, T. Hubert, Daan Hueuze, Celine Ibrahim, M. M. Isaac, Victor Jacobs, Stephanie J. Jeffries, Martin O. Karakoylu, Erdem M. Khan, M. S. Ladd, C. Lavado-casimiro, Waldo Lee, S. -e Lee, T. C. Li, Bailing Li, Tim Lopez, Luis A. Luthcke, S. Marcellin, Vernie Marin, Dora Marsh, Benjamin L. Martin, A Martinez, Alejandra G. Martinez-sanchez, Odalys Meijers, Andrew J. S. Miller, Ben Moat, Ben Mochizuki, Y. Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi Mostafa, Awatif E. Nielsen-gammon, John W. Noll, Ben E. Osborne, Emily Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion Paulik, Christoph Peltier, Alexandre Pinzon, J. Po-chedley, S. Polashenski, C. Purkey, Sarah G. Quispe, Nelson Rakotoarimalala, C. Richardson, A. D. Ricker, R Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto Rosner, Benjamin Roth, David Mark Rutishauser, T. Sasgen, L. Sayad, T. A. Scanlon, T. Schenzinger, Verena Silow, Eugene Skirving, William J. Sofieva, Viktoria Sparks, T. H. Spillane, Sandra Stanitski, Diane M. Stengel, M. Stephenson, Kimberly Strong, Alan E. Sutton, Adrienne J. Takahashi, Kenneth S. Thackeray, S. J. Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T. Timbal, Bertrand Timofeyev, Maxim A. Tirak, Kyle, V Togawa, H. Tommervik, H. Tourpali, Kleareti Trinanes, Joaquin A. Tucker, C. J. Tye, Mari R. Van Der A, Ronald J. Velden, Christopher S. Vickers, H. Webster, M. Westberry, Toby K. Widlansky, Matthew J. Wood, K. Yoon, Huang York, A. Zhu, Zhiwei Ziel, R. Ziese, Markus G. |
author_sort |
Arndt, D. S. |
title |
State of the Climate in 2017 |
title_short |
State of the Climate in 2017 |
title_full |
State of the Climate in 2017 |
title_fullStr |
State of the Climate in 2017 |
title_full_unstemmed |
State of the Climate in 2017 |
title_sort |
state of the climate in 2017 |
publisher |
Amer Meteorological Soc |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/ |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-125.003,-125.003,54.000,54.000) |
geographic |
Antarctic Arctic Argentina Austral British Columbia Canada Chukchi Sea Indian Norway Pacific Uruguay |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Arctic Argentina Austral British Columbia Canada Chukchi Sea Indian Norway Pacific Uruguay |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Chukchi Chukchi Sea glacier glacier glacier glaciers Ice ice core North Atlantic permafrost Sea ice Alaska |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Chukchi Chukchi Sea glacier glacier glacier glaciers Ice ice core North Atlantic permafrost Sea ice Alaska |
op_source |
Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society (0003-0007) (Amer Meteorological Soc), 2018-08 , Vol. 99 , N. 8 , P. S1-S310 |
op_relation |
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf doi:10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/ |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess restricted use |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 |
container_title |
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
container_volume |
99 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
Si |
op_container_end_page |
S310 |
_version_ |
1766247524622925824 |
spelling |
ftarchimer:oai:archimer.ifremer.fr:78863 2023-05-15T13:47:37+02:00 State of the Climate in 2017 Arndt, D. S. Blunden, J. Hartfield, G. Ackerman, Steven A. Adler, Robert Alfaro, Eric J. Allan, Richard P. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Argueez, Anthony Arndt, Derek S. Azorin-molina, Cesar Baez, Julian Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Beck, H. E. Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bhatt, U. S. Bissolli, Peter Bjerke, J. Blake, Eric S. Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Buehler, S. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderon, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrea, Laura Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Cheng, Ming-dean Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, E. -s. Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. S. Coldewey-egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Di Girolamo, Larry Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Drozdov, D. S. Dunn, Robert J. H. Dutton, Geoff S. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Epstein, H. E. Espinoza, Jhan C. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fausto, R. S. Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Forbes, B. C. Foster, Michael J. Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Gerland, S. Gilson, John Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Goni, Gustavo Grooss, J. -u. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Gupta, S. K. Gutierrez, J. M. Haas, C. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hanssen-bauer, I Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heim, Richard R., Jr. Hendricks, S. Hernandez, Marieta Hernandez, Rafael Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ho, Shu-peng Hobbs, William R. Huang, Boyin Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jimenez, C. Jin Xiangze, John, Viju Johns, William E. Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kenneth S. Jones, Philip D. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, J. W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. -j. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Krumpen, T. Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landschuetzer, Peter Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lazzara, Matthew A. Leuliette, Eric L'Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I-i Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Long, Craig S. Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing-jia Luojus, K. Lyman, John M. Macias-fauria, M. Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, Jose A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martinez-gueingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Mekonnen, A. Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Miralles, Diego G. Mitchum, Gary T. Mitro, Srkani Monselesan, Didier Montzka, Stephen A. Mora, Natalie Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Muehle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Mueller, R. Nash, Eric R. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Louise Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan Jose Noetzli, Jeannette O'Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Park, E-hyung Pasch, Richard J. Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, C. Phillips, David Phoenix, G. Pinty, Bernard Rajeevan, Madhavan Rayner, Darren Raynolds, M. K. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Remy, Samuel Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter-menge, J. Rimmer, Alon Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sallee, Jean-bapiste Sanchez-lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schreck, Carl J., Iii Schuur, Ted Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Sharp, M. Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Shimaraeva, Svetlana V. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeed, David A. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Adam Smith, Sharon L. Soden, B. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, Jose L. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, Dimitri A. Sun-mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Tamar, Gerard Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Thoman, R. L. Thompson, L. Thompson, Philip R. Timmermans, M. -l. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vincent, Lucie A. Voemel, Holger Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Walker, D. A. Walsh, J. Wang, Bin Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng-hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wiese, David N. Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Willis, Josh K. Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yin, Xungang Yu, Lisan Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Huai-min Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhao, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Abernethy, R. Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina Aldeco, Laura S. Aliaga-nestares, Vannia Anderson, John Armitage, C. Avalos, Grinia Behe, Carolina Bellouin, Nicolas Bernhard, G. H. Blenkinsop, Stephen Bolmgren, K. Bouchon, Marilu Campbell, Ethan C. Castro, Anabel Costanza, Carol Covey, Curt Coy, Lawrence Cronin, T. Cruzado, Luis Daniel, Raychelle Davletshin, S. G. De La Cour, Jacqueline L. Deline, P. Dewitte, Boris Dhurmea, R. Dickerson, C. Domingues, Ricardo Durre, Imke Eakin, C. Mark Farmer, J. Fauchald, P. Geiger, Erick F. Gomez, Andrea M. Gugliemin, Mario Hansen, K. Helfrich, S. Hemming, D. L. Heron, Scott F. Heuze, C. Horstkotte, T. Hubert, Daan Hueuze, Celine Ibrahim, M. M. Isaac, Victor Jacobs, Stephanie J. Jeffries, Martin O. Karakoylu, Erdem M. Khan, M. S. Ladd, C. Lavado-casimiro, Waldo Lee, S. -e Lee, T. C. Li, Bailing Li, Tim Lopez, Luis A. Luthcke, S. Marcellin, Vernie Marin, Dora Marsh, Benjamin L. Martin, A Martinez, Alejandra G. Martinez-sanchez, Odalys Meijers, Andrew J. S. Miller, Ben Moat, Ben Mochizuki, Y. Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi Mostafa, Awatif E. Nielsen-gammon, John W. Noll, Ben E. Osborne, Emily Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion Paulik, Christoph Peltier, Alexandre Pinzon, J. Po-chedley, S. Polashenski, C. Purkey, Sarah G. Quispe, Nelson Rakotoarimalala, C. Richardson, A. D. Ricker, R Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto Rosner, Benjamin Roth, David Mark Rutishauser, T. Sasgen, L. Sayad, T. A. Scanlon, T. Schenzinger, Verena Silow, Eugene Skirving, William J. Sofieva, Viktoria Sparks, T. H. Spillane, Sandra Stanitski, Diane M. Stengel, M. Stephenson, Kimberly Strong, Alan E. Sutton, Adrienne J. Takahashi, Kenneth S. Thackeray, S. J. Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T. Timbal, Bertrand Timofeyev, Maxim A. Tirak, Kyle, V Togawa, H. Tommervik, H. Tourpali, Kleareti Trinanes, Joaquin A. Tucker, C. J. Tye, Mari R. Van Der A, Ronald J. Velden, Christopher S. Vickers, H. Webster, M. Westberry, Toby K. Widlansky, Matthew J. Wood, K. Yoon, Huang York, A. Zhu, Zhiwei Ziel, R. Ziese, Markus G. 2018-08 application/pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/ eng eng Amer Meteorological Soc https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81163.pdf https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/81164.pdf doi:10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78863/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess restricted use Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society (0003-0007) (Amer Meteorological Soc), 2018-08 , Vol. 99 , N. 8 , P. S1-S310 text Publication info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2018 ftarchimer https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 2021-09-23T20:36:55Z In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982–present). According to paleoclimate studies, today’s abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981–2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0–700- m and 0–2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h−1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region’s driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Chukchi Chukchi Sea glacier glacier glacier glaciers Ice ice core North Atlantic permafrost Sea ice Alaska Archimer (Archive Institutionnelle de l'Ifremer - Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer) Antarctic Arctic Argentina Austral British Columbia ENVELOPE(-125.003,-125.003,54.000,54.000) Canada Chukchi Sea Indian Norway Pacific Uruguay Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99 8 Si S310 |