Large regional variability in geomagnetic storm effects in the auroral zone

• Published in: Scientific Reports
• Main Authors: Kärhä, Otto, Tanskanen, Eija I., Vanhamäki, Heikki
• Other Authors: Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, University of Oulu, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Nature Publishing Group 2023
• Subjects: Kalle; San Juan; Fennoscandia
• Online Access: https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/124460; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46352-0

Funding Information: We acknowledge the financial support by the Academy of Finland of the SOLSTICE (project 324161), Earth-Space Research Ecosystem E2S (project no. 336719 and 337663), Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, and ReSoLVE Center of Excellence (project no. 272157 and 307411), and Auroral Joule (project 354521). We thank the geomagnetic observatories Kakioka [JMA], Honolulu and San Juan [USGS], Hermanus [RSA], INTERMAGNET, and many others for their cooperation to make the final Dst index available. We are grateful for the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. Funding Information: We acknowledge the financial support by the Academy of Finland of the SOLSTICE (project 324161), Earth-Space Research Ecosystem E2S (project no. 336719 and 337663), Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, and ReSoLVE Center of Excellence (project no. 272157 and 307411), and Auroral Joule (project 354521).We thank the geomagnetic observatories Kakioka [JMA], Honolulu and San Juan [USGS], Hermanus [RSA], INTERMAGNET, and many others for their cooperation to make the final Dst index available. We are grateful for the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s). A digital society is fragile and vulnerable to space-originated electromagnetic disturbances. Global geomagnetic conditions have been actively monitored since the invention of the magnetometer in 1833. However, regional changes in the magnetic environment have been widely left unstudied because of the sparsity of the observing networks. The Scandinavian Magnetometer Array (SMA) was the densest magnetometer network in history, and it was in operation in Fennoscandia during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) in 1976–1979. The data has been left mainly unstudied because it was recorded on 35 mm films, which are difficult to use for scientific studies. We used the DigiMAG digitization method to ...