Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus
Abstract Ship‐based radar measurements obtained during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate 2001 stratocumulus (Sc) cruise are used to derive characteristics of the rainfall from drizzling Sc. Reflectivity to rain rate ( Z–R ) relationships are determined from shipboard raindrop‐size distributi...
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crwiley:10.1256/qj.03.187 2024-09-15T18:24:45+00:00 Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus Comstock, Kimberly K. Wood, Robert Yuter, Sandra E. Bretherton, Christopher S. 2004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.187 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1256%2Fqj.03.187 https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1256/qj.03.187 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society volume 130, issue 603, page 2891-2918 ISSN 0035-9009 1477-870X journal-article 2004 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.187 2024-08-13T04:15:36Z Abstract Ship‐based radar measurements obtained during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate 2001 stratocumulus (Sc) cruise are used to derive characteristics of the rainfall from drizzling Sc. Reflectivity to rain rate ( Z–R ) relationships are determined from shipboard raindrop‐size distribution measurements obtained from observations using filter‐paper, and compared to Z–R relationships derived from aircraft probe data from below north‐east Atlantic drizzling Sc and stratus. A model for the evaporation and sedimentation of drizzle is combined with reflectivity profiles from a millimetre‐wavelength cloud radar to derive information on the mean raindrop radius and drizzle drop concentrations at cloud base, and to show how Z–R relationships change with height below the cloud base. The Z–R relationships are used in conjunction with shipborne C‐band radar reflectivity data to estimate areal average precipitation with uncertainties at cloud base and at the surface. In the Sc drizzle Z–R relationship, Z = aR b (where a and b are constants), the estimated exponent b = 1.1 to 1.4 is lower than commonly observed in deep convective rain ( b = 1.5). Analyses indicate that variations in Sc rain rates and reflectivities are influenced both by fluctuations in drizzle drop concentration and in mean radius, but that number concentration contributes more to the modulation of rain rate in Sc. Rain rates derived using the scanning C‐band radar are found to be spatially variable, with much of the accumulation originating from a small fraction of the drizzling area. The observations also suggest that rain rate in marine Sc is strongly dependent on cloud liquid‐water path, and inversely correlated with cloud droplet concentration. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society Article in Journal/Newspaper North East Atlantic Wiley Online Library Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 130 603 2891 2918 |
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Wiley Online Library |
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crwiley |
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English |
description |
Abstract Ship‐based radar measurements obtained during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate 2001 stratocumulus (Sc) cruise are used to derive characteristics of the rainfall from drizzling Sc. Reflectivity to rain rate ( Z–R ) relationships are determined from shipboard raindrop‐size distribution measurements obtained from observations using filter‐paper, and compared to Z–R relationships derived from aircraft probe data from below north‐east Atlantic drizzling Sc and stratus. A model for the evaporation and sedimentation of drizzle is combined with reflectivity profiles from a millimetre‐wavelength cloud radar to derive information on the mean raindrop radius and drizzle drop concentrations at cloud base, and to show how Z–R relationships change with height below the cloud base. The Z–R relationships are used in conjunction with shipborne C‐band radar reflectivity data to estimate areal average precipitation with uncertainties at cloud base and at the surface. In the Sc drizzle Z–R relationship, Z = aR b (where a and b are constants), the estimated exponent b = 1.1 to 1.4 is lower than commonly observed in deep convective rain ( b = 1.5). Analyses indicate that variations in Sc rain rates and reflectivities are influenced both by fluctuations in drizzle drop concentration and in mean radius, but that number concentration contributes more to the modulation of rain rate in Sc. Rain rates derived using the scanning C‐band radar are found to be spatially variable, with much of the accumulation originating from a small fraction of the drizzling area. The observations also suggest that rain rate in marine Sc is strongly dependent on cloud liquid‐water path, and inversely correlated with cloud droplet concentration. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Comstock, Kimberly K. Wood, Robert Yuter, Sandra E. Bretherton, Christopher S. |
spellingShingle |
Comstock, Kimberly K. Wood, Robert Yuter, Sandra E. Bretherton, Christopher S. Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
author_facet |
Comstock, Kimberly K. Wood, Robert Yuter, Sandra E. Bretherton, Christopher S. |
author_sort |
Comstock, Kimberly K. |
title |
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
title_short |
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
title_full |
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
title_fullStr |
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
title_sort |
reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2004 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.187 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1256%2Fqj.03.187 https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1256/qj.03.187 |
genre |
North East Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North East Atlantic |
op_source |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society volume 130, issue 603, page 2891-2918 ISSN 0035-9009 1477-870X |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.187 |
container_title |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |
container_volume |
130 |
container_issue |
603 |
container_start_page |
2891 |
op_container_end_page |
2918 |
_version_ |
1810465177911427072 |