Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study
BACKGROUND Studies confirm that calcium inhibits iron absorption. Danish tap water comes from groundwater, which contains varying amounts of calcium depending on the subsoil. We investigated the association of calcium in drinking water with iron levels in Danish blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD...
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crwiley:10.1111/trf.14600 2023-12-03T10:23:34+01:00 Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study Rigas, Andreas S. Ejsing, Benedikte H. Sørensen, Erik Pedersen, Ole B. Hjalgrim, Henrik Erikstrup, Christian Ullum, Henrik Det Frie Forskningsråd Danish Council for Independent Research 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.14600 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Ftrf.14600 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/trf.14600 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/trf.14600 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Transfusion volume 58, issue 6, page 1468-1473 ISSN 0041-1132 1537-2995 Hematology Immunology Immunology and Allergy journal-article 2018 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.14600 2023-11-09T14:26:01Z BACKGROUND Studies confirm that calcium inhibits iron absorption. Danish tap water comes from groundwater, which contains varying amounts of calcium depending on the subsoil. We investigated the association of calcium in drinking water with iron levels in Danish blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We used data on Danish blood donors including dietary and lifestyle habits, blood donation history, and physiologic characteristics including measures of ferritin levels along with information on area of residence from The Danish Blood Donor Study. Data on calcium levels in groundwater (“water hardness”) were obtained through the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. We performed multiple linear and logistic regression analyses to evaluate the effect of water hardness on ferritin levels and risk of having iron deficiency (defined as ferritin levels <15 ng/mL), stratified by sex. RESULTS There was a significant negative association between water hardness and ferritin levels in both men and women. Risk of iron deficiency was correspondingly increased in both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14‐2.12) and women (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.40) with increasing water hardness. In analyses restricted to individuals who received supplemental iron tablets no significant association between groundwater hardness and ferritin levels was observed. CONCLUSIONS As measured by ferritin levels, residential drinking water calcium content is associated with blood donors‐ iron levels and risk of iron deficiency. However, effect sizes are small. Article in Journal/Newspaper Greenland Wiley Online Library (via Crossref) Greenland Transfusion 58 6 1468 1473 |
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Wiley Online Library (via Crossref) |
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crwiley |
language |
English |
topic |
Hematology Immunology Immunology and Allergy |
spellingShingle |
Hematology Immunology Immunology and Allergy Rigas, Andreas S. Ejsing, Benedikte H. Sørensen, Erik Pedersen, Ole B. Hjalgrim, Henrik Erikstrup, Christian Ullum, Henrik Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
topic_facet |
Hematology Immunology Immunology and Allergy |
description |
BACKGROUND Studies confirm that calcium inhibits iron absorption. Danish tap water comes from groundwater, which contains varying amounts of calcium depending on the subsoil. We investigated the association of calcium in drinking water with iron levels in Danish blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We used data on Danish blood donors including dietary and lifestyle habits, blood donation history, and physiologic characteristics including measures of ferritin levels along with information on area of residence from The Danish Blood Donor Study. Data on calcium levels in groundwater (“water hardness”) were obtained through the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. We performed multiple linear and logistic regression analyses to evaluate the effect of water hardness on ferritin levels and risk of having iron deficiency (defined as ferritin levels <15 ng/mL), stratified by sex. RESULTS There was a significant negative association between water hardness and ferritin levels in both men and women. Risk of iron deficiency was correspondingly increased in both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14‐2.12) and women (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.40) with increasing water hardness. In analyses restricted to individuals who received supplemental iron tablets no significant association between groundwater hardness and ferritin levels was observed. CONCLUSIONS As measured by ferritin levels, residential drinking water calcium content is associated with blood donors‐ iron levels and risk of iron deficiency. However, effect sizes are small. |
author2 |
Det Frie Forskningsråd Danish Council for Independent Research |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rigas, Andreas S. Ejsing, Benedikte H. Sørensen, Erik Pedersen, Ole B. Hjalgrim, Henrik Erikstrup, Christian Ullum, Henrik |
author_facet |
Rigas, Andreas S. Ejsing, Benedikte H. Sørensen, Erik Pedersen, Ole B. Hjalgrim, Henrik Erikstrup, Christian Ullum, Henrik |
author_sort |
Rigas, Andreas S. |
title |
Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
title_short |
Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
title_full |
Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
title_fullStr |
Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors—results from the Danish Blood Donor Study |
title_sort |
calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in danish blood donors—results from the danish blood donor study |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.14600 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Ftrf.14600 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/trf.14600 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/trf.14600 |
geographic |
Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Greenland |
genre |
Greenland |
genre_facet |
Greenland |
op_source |
Transfusion volume 58, issue 6, page 1468-1473 ISSN 0041-1132 1537-2995 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.14600 |
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Transfusion |
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58 |
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6 |
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