Geographical distribution of Allium oleraceum cytotypes in Finland and Sweden

• Published in: Nordic Journal of Botany
• Main Authors: Åström, Helena, Hæggström, Carl‐Adam, Hæggström, Eeva
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2014
• Subjects: Plant Science; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Häme; Nyland; Hamina; karelia*
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/njb.00521; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fnjb.00521; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/njb.00521

Chromosome numbers from a total number of 226 populations of Allium oleraceum were determined in Finland, Sweden and seven other countries. Two different chromosome numbers or cytotypes were found, tetraploids (2n = 32) and pentaploids (2n = 40). In Finland, samples were collected for chromosome counts from a total of 190 populations, which fairly well covers the distribution area of the species in Finland. The majority of the populations of A. oleraceum in Finland contained only one of the two cytotypes. A clear pattern in the geographical distribution of the cytotypes could be distinguished. The pentaploid cytotype predominates in the Åland Islands and in the archipelago of Regio aboënsis. The tetraploid cytotype predominates on the mainland of the Regio aboënsis and along the coast of the Nylandia. In south Häme, all studied native populations were of the tetraploid cytotype. Of all the studied populations in Finland 43.7% were tetraploid and 51.6% pentaploid. A few mixed populations with both tetraploid and pentaploid plants occurring in the same population were also found (4.7%). The chromosome numbers of 19 populations of A. oleraceum from the southern part of Sweden were pentaploids, with the exception of one tetraploid population. It seems that the pentaploid cytotype is predominant in Sweden, but no conclusions about a geographical pattern between the two cytotypes could be drawn. Based on the occurrence of the cytotypes, it is suggested that the pentaploid cytotype might have spread to Finland from the Swedish east coast via the Åland Islands to Kaland on the Finnish west coast and along the coast of Nyland to the archipelagos of Kotka and Hamina in Karelia australis. The tetraploid populations in south Häme are clearly connected to Iron Age activity and to old inland trade routes, and may be of eastern origin.